摘要:語法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說過很多次了,沒有語法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句,也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整
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摘要:語法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說過很多次了,沒有語法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句,也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整理了考研英語語法精煉,希望可以幫助大家更方便的學(xué)習(xí)英語~
?同位語從句
同位語從句是對名詞的內(nèi)容給予具體、詳細(xì)的說明。常在后面接同位語從句的名詞有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位語從句常用的引導(dǎo)詞為that,有是也用when, where 等疑問詞。如:
The news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the whole world by surprise. 美國受到恐怖主義分子襲擊的消息令全世界吃驚。
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你認(rèn)為不動腦筋就能做好這件工作的想法是完全錯誤的。
People used to hold the belief that the earth was the center of the universe. 人們曾認(rèn)為地球是宇宙的中心。
The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money. 困難在于我們?nèi)狈Y金這個事實。
They have no idea at all where he has gone. 他們一點兒也不知道他去哪兒了。
注意:同位語從句的that 只是引導(dǎo)詞,沒有其他語法作用,在句子中不作句子成分,不能省略;而定語從句中的that 除了引導(dǎo)定語從句外,還是定語從句的一個成分,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時不能省略,作賓語時可以省略。如:
The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense. 有些民族優(yōu)越于其他民族這種想法簡直荒謬。(同位語從句)
The idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense. 他在會議上提出的這個想法簡直荒謬。(定語從句)
No one is happy with the fact that he found out. 沒有人對他發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實感到高興。(定語從句)
No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss. 沒有人對他將成為他們的老板這一事實感到高興。(同位語從句)
?賓語從句
在謂語動詞、介詞、動詞不定式、分詞、動名詞之后都可以帶有賓語從句。某些形容詞如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以帶有賓語從句。
1. that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句: that 沒有意義,在口語或非正式文體中常省略:如:
I really feel she’s making a mistake. 我的確感到她正犯錯誤。
James said (that) he was feeling better. 詹姆斯說他感到好些了。
Hearing that his son was badly wounded, he hurried to the hospital to see him. 聽說兒子受了重傷,他急忙趕到醫(yī)院去看望他。
I suggested that we should go home. 我建議我們回家去。虛擬語氣,that 一般不能省略。
2. whether/if (是否)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句:如果要突出“究竟是…還是不…”,常在whether 后面加or not;if 一般不與or not連用。如:
He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他問我是否認(rèn)識約翰。
Let me know whether you can come or not. 你能來還是不能來,告訴我一聲。
3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動詞的賓語從句中,否定不用在從句中,而是將think 等詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健?br />
I don’t think the film is interesting. 我覺得這部電影沒什么意思。
I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我認(rèn)為我們明天不會出去郊游。
4. 如果從句作賓語而后面還有補語,為了保持句子的平衡,用it 作形式賓語,而將賓語從句放在句尾。常跟這樣的復(fù)合賓語的動詞有:make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard, take….for granted等。如:
George made it clear that he opposed this project. 喬治已明確表示他反對這個項目。it 代表that 引導(dǎo)的句子,作賓語,clear 是賓語補足語。
They kept it quiet that he was dead. 對他已經(jīng)死亡的消息,他們秘而不宣。
I took it for granted that you’d stay with us. 我想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為你會和我們呆在一起。
?主語從句
1. that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時,that 沒有意義,但不能省略。(that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以省略。)
For example:
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray. 她的頭發(fā)正在變白,這使她很不安。that引導(dǎo)主語從句,it 作形式主語,that 不能省略。
That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 眾所周知,她是個富有的女人。這是that 引導(dǎo)主語從句,that 不能省略。這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語的句型。請同學(xué)們改寫:It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.)
We didn’t know (that) you had sold your house. 我們不知道你已經(jīng)把你的房子賣了。這是that引導(dǎo)賓語從句,that 可以省略。注意這句話的時態(tài)。
2. 從句作主語時,多數(shù)情況下由 it 作形式主語,而把主語從句放在后面,尤其是謂語部分(包括賓語)較短的情況下。
For example:
It wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。
It is important that he should come on time. 他按時來是很重要的。
It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左邊那個人是本地的一位著名作家,這是真的。這里,第一個that 引導(dǎo)主語從句,是單純的連詞,無詞義,不作句子成分。第二個that 是指示代詞,作句子成分,是man 的定語。
3. whether 既可以引導(dǎo)主語從句也可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句,但if不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞賓語時不用if.
Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter whether I knew John. 我是否認(rèn)識約翰沒有關(guān)系。
Whether or not she’ll come isn’t clear. = Whether she’ll come or not isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether …. 她是否來還不清楚。
It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 這是主語從句還是賓語從句?it 是形式主語嗎?it 是代詞,whether 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句,作介詞on 的賓語,不能用if引導(dǎo)。請翻譯這句話。這完全取決于我們是否能得到他們的合作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 賓語從句,介詞賓語,不能用if 引導(dǎo)。請翻譯這句話。
She asked me whether/if you were married. 賓語從句,既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引導(dǎo)。注意時態(tài)的對應(yīng)。請翻譯這句話。
We haven’t decided whether/if we shall give them aid.
I’m not sure whether/if the report is believable.
翻譯練習(xí):
現(xiàn)在還很難預(yù)測誰會贏得下一屆總統(tǒng)選舉。
It is still hard to predict who will win the next presidential election.
對于多數(shù)公民來說,誰當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)無關(guān)緊要。
Who will become the president doesn’t matter much to most citizens.
這位前總統(tǒng)是否會被判處死刑還有待觀察。It remains to be seen whether the ex-president will be sentenced to death.
真可惜,王教授不能出席我們的英語晚會。
It is a pity that Prof. Wang can’t attend our English Evening.
我們需要的是更多的時間。
What we need is more time.
?名詞性從句
在主從復(fù)合句中,從句可以充當(dāng)主句的主語、表語、賓語或同位語。由于在多數(shù)情況下,主語、表語、賓語或同位語這四種句子成分由名詞性詞類充當(dāng),所以,我們把這些作用相當(dāng)于名詞的從句統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句,把充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語或同位語的從句分別稱為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句或同位語從句。也就是說充當(dāng)什么成分就叫什么從句。名詞性從句由連接詞(或關(guān)聯(lián)詞)引導(dǎo)。
常用的連接詞有:
連接詞 | 作用 |
whether, that(無詞義) |
只起連接詞作用,引導(dǎo)從句,在從句中不作 任何成分,在從句中分別作主語、賓語和定 語 |
who, whom, whose which, what |
在從句中分別作主語、賓語和定語,除了起 連接詞作用外,還在從句中作狀語 |
when, where, how, why |
疑問詞(who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how)可以引導(dǎo)主語、賓語和表語從句。
它們的特點是:1、疑問詞有本身的詞義;2、疑問詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分,如主語、賓語或狀語;3、這種疑問詞引導(dǎo)的從句一律用陳述語序,不能用疑問語序。
例文:Do you know whom they are looking for? 你知道他們在找誰嗎?(賓語從句,陳述語序。不能是whom are they looking for?)
I don’t know who did it. 我不知道這是誰干的。(賓語從句。在從句中如果疑問詞作主語,其陳述語序和疑問語序一致。)
She asked me where I had been. 她問我到哪兒去了。(賓語從句。陳述語序,不能是where had I been. 直接引語,間接引語。注意這句話的時態(tài)。)
Can you tell me when the train will arrive? 你能告訴我火車什么時候到嗎?(賓語從句。陳述語序,不能是when will the train arrive. 直接引語,間接引語。)
I don’t know why he hasn’t come yet. 我不知道他為什么還沒來。(賓語從句,陳述語序。不能是why hasn’t he come yet.)
He didn’t tell me what you were doing. 他沒和我說你在干什么。(賓語從句,陳述語序。不能是what were you doing.)
What you have done might do harm t other people. 你所做過的事情有可能傷害別人。(主語從句。what 作從句的賓語。陳述語序,不能是what have you done. 如果用疑問語序,意思發(fā)生了變化,成了“你做了什么?”。)
I don’t know where he is now. 我不知道他現(xiàn)在在哪里。(賓語從句,陳述語序。不能是where is he now.)
Where he went for his weekend is not known. 不知道他去哪里過的周末。(主語從句,where 作從句的地點狀語。陳述語序,不能是where did he go for his weekend.)
Whose fault this is is not important. 這是誰的過錯并不重要。(主語從句,whose 作從句的定語。陳述語序,不能是whose fault is this.)
What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend. 我想知道的是他到哪里度周末去了。(這句話包含兩個名詞性從句:what I want to know是主語從句,what 在從句中作賓語,從句用陳述語序,不能是What do I want to know. Where he has gone for his weekend 是表語從句,where 在從句中作狀語,從句用陳述語序,不能是where has he gone for his weekend.)
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