考研幫 > 英語(yǔ) > 復(fù)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)

考研語(yǔ)法詳解:虛擬語(yǔ)氣和狀語(yǔ)從句

  摘要:英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法自從高中畢業(yè)就再也沒(méi)認(rèn)真學(xué)過(guò)?什么虛擬語(yǔ)氣、狀語(yǔ)從句都想不起來(lái)了?不用怕,今天幫幫就帶大家溫習(xí)一下虛擬語(yǔ)氣和狀語(yǔ)從句。

  一、考點(diǎn)概述

  虛擬語(yǔ)氣有不同的體現(xiàn)形式,在考研英語(yǔ)中多個(gè)題型中都有體現(xiàn),既是考研英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn),也是考生易失分處。在考研英語(yǔ)中命題頻率最高的是if虛擬條件句,考生需要掌握其形式及其反映的意義。

  此外,還有if虛擬條件句的省略倒裝句式,以及暗含條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣也是考生學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)。對(duì)其他類型的虛擬語(yǔ)氣也要有所了解。對(duì)于常見(jiàn)的特殊虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以當(dāng)作固定句式準(zhǔn)確記憶。

  二、要點(diǎn)精析

  虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí),而是說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。虛擬語(yǔ)氣,作為動(dòng)詞的一種表現(xiàn)形式,主要是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)體現(xiàn)。主要有以下幾種:

  1.If引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句

  既可以是真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,也可以是非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。

  (1)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的假設(shè)

  條件狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去時(shí),如是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用were,主句謂語(yǔ)用should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形。

  例:If I were a bird,I could fly out of the world. 如果我是一只鳥,我會(huì)飛離這個(gè)世界。

  (2)表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的假設(shè)

  條件狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí),主句謂語(yǔ)用should/would/could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞的形式。

  例:If you had not hurried,you would have missed the train.

  如果你沒(méi)抓緊的話,早就錯(cuò)過(guò)了這班車了。

  (3)表示對(duì)將來(lái)事實(shí)的假設(shè)

  條件狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去時(shí),主句謂語(yǔ)用should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形的形式。

  例:If I should win the lottery,I would buy a car. 如果我中彩票了,會(huì)買一輛車。

  (4)省略if的倒裝句

  虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含were,should或had,可將if省略,再把were,should或had移到從句句首,構(gòu)成倒裝。

  例:Had I enough money,I would run a company. (= If I had enough money,I would…)

  如果我有足夠的錢,就會(huì)自己開(kāi)辦公司。

  2.表示愿望的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

  表示主觀愿望時(shí)可以用wish,if only,would rather/would sooner/would just as soon,would prefer,might as well 等。

  (1)wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句的用法

 ?、?表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬:從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行式表示,be的過(guò)去式用were。

 ?、?表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬:從句動(dòng)詞用had+過(guò)去分詞。

 ?、?表示對(duì)將來(lái)的主觀愿望:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為would/could/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形。

  (2)if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆虛擬句:表示“要是……就好了”

  ① 表示與現(xiàn)在或未來(lái)事情的感嘆虛擬句中,謂語(yǔ)一般用過(guò)去時(shí)或would/could/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形。

 ?、?表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生事情的感嘆虛擬句中,謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

  (3)在would rather等句中的用法

  在would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might as well和would prefer等后面所跟的從句中,也可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示愿望,意為“寧愿、但愿”。

 ?、?“would rather/ would sooner等+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)”,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況。

 ?、?“would rather/ would sooner等+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去完成時(shí)”,表示過(guò)去的情況。

  3.特殊的虛擬條件句

  (1)暗含條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

  常見(jiàn)的引導(dǎo)暗含條件句的詞或短語(yǔ)有:without,but for,but that,otherwise,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等。

  例:Without your help,we could not have succeeded.

  要是沒(méi)有你的幫助,我們就不會(huì)成功的。

  (2)狀語(yǔ)從句中含有虛擬語(yǔ)氣

 ?、?as if/as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句

 ?、?lest/in case/for fear that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是should+動(dòng)詞原形

  (3)名詞性從句中含有虛擬語(yǔ)氣

 ?、?主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

  在“it is (was) +形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)+that…”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果形容詞或過(guò)去分詞表示建議、命令和要求等,那么that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其形式為:should+動(dòng)詞原形。

 ?、?賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

  某些表示建議、命令和要求意義的動(dòng)詞后所接賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其形式為:should +動(dòng)詞原形。適用的動(dòng)詞有:ask,advise,determine,command,insist,move,propose,order,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge,demand,direct等。

  (4)特殊句型中含有虛擬語(yǔ)氣

  It’s (high/about) time…從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,意為“是做某事的時(shí)候了”,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

  三、真題體驗(yàn)

  Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce,let alone gotten one. [2002,完型]

  分析:

  A. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。該句主句是Countless divorced politicians would have been elected。had they even thought of a divorce 是從句,是省略if的倒裝條件句。out of office years ago和let alone gotten one都是狀語(yǔ)。

  B. 分析虛擬語(yǔ)氣。主句Countless divorced politicians would have been elected和從句中 had they even thought of a divorce中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別是would have been elected、 had thought,體現(xiàn)了虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其中,從句是省略了if倒裝條件句。

  C. 譯文:現(xiàn)如今,許多政客都紛紛離婚,這要是在幾年前都是不可能的。那時(shí),不說(shuō)真的離婚了,只要他們有離婚的想法,就一定會(huì)被趕下臺(tái)。

  狀語(yǔ)從句 (Adverbial Clause)指句子用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。根據(jù)其作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo),也可以由詞組引起。

  從句位于句首或句中時(shí)通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi),位于句尾時(shí)可以不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句后面的較多,而漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句前的較多,因此,在許多情況下,應(yīng)將狀語(yǔ)從句放在主句前面。下面我們通過(guò)一些實(shí)例說(shuō)明其常用的翻譯方法。

  ?【真題例句1】

  While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

  【解析】

  可拆分為:While there are almost as many definitions of history //as there are historians,// modern practice most closely conforms to one // that sees history //as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

  主句:modern practice most closely conforms to one;從句:讓步狀語(yǔ)從句While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians;比較狀語(yǔ)從句as there are historians;定語(yǔ)從句that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past修飾one。

  主干結(jié)構(gòu)是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句,While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,此句與漢語(yǔ)句序符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣未作調(diào)整,仍放于主句前。從句中as... as結(jié)構(gòu)是比較級(jí),這句話直譯為“有多少歷史學(xué)家,就有多少關(guān)于歷史的定義。

  【參考譯文】

  幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定,但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為,歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。

  ?【真題例句2】

  In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.

  【解析】

  可拆分為:In general,//the tests work most effectively //when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined //and least effectively //when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.

  主句:the tests work most effectively when... and least effectively when...,主句中嵌套了兩個(gè)并列的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined和when... can not be well defined,第二個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中又嵌套了一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句what is to be measured or predicted做此狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。

  本句在翻譯的時(shí)候?qū)⒁粋€(gè)主從復(fù)合句,適當(dāng)調(diào)整成了兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的單句(即:the tests work most effectively when..., and the tests work least effectively when...),并把兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)分別提前了,更符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

  【參考譯文】

  一般地說(shuō),當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí),測(cè)試最為有效;而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí),測(cè)試的效果則最差。

 ?。▽?shí)習(xí)小編:加油豬)

關(guān)于"最后階段,真題的正確打開(kāi)方式_備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)_考研幫"15名研友在考研幫APP發(fā)表了觀點(diǎn)

掃我下載考研幫

考研幫地方站更多

你可能會(huì)關(guān)心:

來(lái)考研幫提升效率

× 關(guān)閉