考研英語(yǔ)作文如何拿高分：結(jié)構(gòu)

　　摘要：通過(guò)研究歷年考研真題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，考研英語(yǔ)大作文基本上是3段結(jié)構(gòu)。第一段描述圖畫(huà)，從圖片描述的細(xì)節(jié)中推導(dǎo)出文章的主題。第二段揭示圖畫(huà)內(nèi)涵，并對(duì)圖畫(huà)的內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行分析、論證。第三段總結(jié)全文，照應(yīng)題目，點(diǎn)明主旨，深化中心。

　　接下來(lái)，我們仔細(xì)分析下每一段該怎么去寫(xiě)。今天的文章較長(zhǎng)，建議大家先收藏再看~

　　01首段方法

　　根據(jù)考研大作文的結(jié)構(gòu)框架可知，大作文的首段主要就是描述圖片，從圖片描述的細(xì)節(jié)中推導(dǎo)出文章的主題。這種對(duì)圖畫(huà)進(jìn)行描述，并給出自己理解的方法叫作現(xiàn)象闡釋法?，F(xiàn)象闡釋法是考研大作文首段最常用的一種方法。描述圖畫(huà)并且由對(duì)圖畫(huà)的描寫(xiě)過(guò)渡到個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)或者圖畫(huà)內(nèi)涵的提出這兩個(gè)部分至關(guān)重要。這兩個(gè)部分常用的句式如下：

　?。ㄒ唬┟枋鰣D畫(huà)

　　1. The cartoon vividly depicts .     這幅漫畫(huà)生動(dòng)地描述了。

　　2. As is described in the picture, . 如圖中所描述的，。

　　3. As is vividly indicated in the above drawing/picture,  .

　　如上圖生動(dòng)地描述的那樣，。

　　4. The drawing, thought-provoking as it is, does mirror a social phenomenon that .

　　這幅發(fā)人深省的圖畫(huà)的確反映了這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象：。

　　5. In the cartoon presented to us,  . Obviously, what the cartoon  illustrates/reveals is .

　　在展現(xiàn)給我們的圖片中，。顯然，該圖片說(shuō)明/揭示的是。

　　6. As is symbolically depicted in the drawing above, . Although the drawing is designed simply, it does reveal that .

　　正如上圖象征性地描繪的一樣，。雖然該圖很簡(jiǎn)單，它確實(shí)反映了。

　　7. As is vividly illustrated in the cartoon,  . The central point of this cartoon is that .

　　正如漫畫(huà)中生動(dòng)展示的，。該漫畫(huà)的主旨是。

　　8. As the bar chart shows, the number of  has dramatically increased/decreased during the  years from  to .

　　如柱狀圖所示，的數(shù)量從年到年年之間急劇增加/減少。

　　9. From the graph, we know the statistics of  and . It can be seen easily that .

　　從圖表中我們可知和的數(shù)據(jù)。我們可以很容易地看出。

　　10. From the bar chart, it is clear that between  and  the amount of  ranged from  to .

　　從柱狀圖中可以清楚地看到，從到，的數(shù)量在到之間變化。

　　11. As the bar chart shows, great changes concerning  took place between  and .

　　柱狀圖表明，從到，發(fā)生了很大的變化。

　　12. As can be seen in the graph,   saw great changes in  between  and .

　　從圖表可知，在到之間，發(fā)生了巨大變化。

　　13. Recently, the rise in the problem of    has aroused public/wide concern.

　　近來(lái)，問(wèn)題的增加已經(jīng)引起了公眾/廣泛的關(guān)注。

　　14. Recently, the issue of    has been brought into focus/brought to public attention.

　　近來(lái)，問(wèn)題已經(jīng)成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。

　　15. The problem of  has caused wide concern over recent years.

　　近年來(lái)，問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引起了廣泛的關(guān)注。

　　16. With the rapid growth of ,   have/has become increasingly important in our daily life.

　　隨著的快速增長(zhǎng)，在我們的日常生活中已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越重要。

　　17. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to .

　　如今，人們?cè)絹?lái)越意識(shí)到的必要性。

　　18. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/be aware that .

　　如今，越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始意識(shí)到。

　　19. After a good many years of enthusiasm for , people begin to .

　　熱衷于多年之后，人們開(kāi)始。

　　20. One of the burning/pressing problems facing/confronting our nation/society today is .

　　我們的國(guó)家/社會(huì)今天面臨的緊迫問(wèn)題之一是。

　　21. With  playing an increasingly important role in , more and more .

　　隨著在中的作用日益重要，越來(lái)越多的。

　　22. Whenever you see/find , you can't help being shocked/surprised at .

　　每當(dāng)看到/發(fā)現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，你會(huì)不禁為感到震驚/驚訝。

　　23. Undoubtedly this picture describes a scenario that .

　　毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這幅圖畫(huà)描述了這樣一個(gè)情景。

　　24. The drawing given above portrays a thought-provoking scene that .

　　上面的圖畫(huà)為我們展示了一個(gè)發(fā)人深省的場(chǎng)景。

　?。ǘ?引出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)或圖畫(huà)內(nèi)涵

　　1. This picture demonstrates one of the basic theories of philosophy: .

　　這幅圖片展現(xiàn)了哲學(xué)的一個(gè)基本理論：。

　　2. Such a picture draws attention to the fact that .

　　這樣一種畫(huà)面吸引我們注意到這樣的現(xiàn)實(shí)：。

　　3. The purpose of the drawing is to show us that .

　　這幅畫(huà)是為了向我們展示。

　　4. The painter reminds us of a common social phenomenon: .

　　畫(huà)的作者提醒我們注意一個(gè)普遍的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象：。

　　5. From the picture above we are informed that .

　　從上面這幅圖片，我們可以得知。

　　6. It ironically depicts the common phenomenon that .

　　圖片諷刺地描繪了一個(gè)普遍的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象：。

　　7. This drawing reflects a prevailing trend that .

　　這幅圖片揭示了當(dāng)今一個(gè)大趨勢(shì)：。

　　8. What the above pictures intend to illustrate is that .

　　上面的圖畫(huà)意在說(shuō)明。

　　9. The aim of the portrayal is to illustrate that . 這幅畫(huà)旨在說(shuō)明。

　　10. The drawing reveals a thought-provoking truth that .

　　這幅圖畫(huà)揭示了一個(gè)發(fā)人深省的道理。

　　11. Apparently, the painter wishes to draw our attention to the social phenomenon that .

　　顯然，繪畫(huà)者希望我們注意這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。

　　12. The simple but thought-provoking cartoon tends to highlight nothing but .

　　這幅簡(jiǎn)單卻發(fā)人深省的漫畫(huà)強(qiáng)調(diào)了。

　　13. The primary purpose of the drawings is to emphasize .

　　圖畫(huà)的主要目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)。

　　02中間段方法

　　考研大作文的中間段又稱主旨段，一般是揭示圖畫(huà)內(nèi)涵，并對(duì)圖畫(huà)的內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行分析、論證。中間段首先要寫(xiě)好主題句。寫(xiě)主題句時(shí)，要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：

　?、俣温渲黝}句的內(nèi)容應(yīng)豐滿，切忌空洞。一個(gè)段落的信息容量是有限的，如果主題句限定的范圍太籠統(tǒng)，其內(nèi)容就難以在一個(gè)段落中闡述清楚。

　　例如：The relationship is depressing.看到這個(gè)話題，我們禁不住會(huì)問(wèn)什么樣的關(guān)系，沮喪到了何種程度，這都很難界定，讓人無(wú)從下手。我們可以改寫(xiě)為：The relationship between parents and children is more depressing compared with decades ago.

　?、诙温渲黝}句應(yīng)有展開(kāi)的空間，不宜太具體。段落主題句限定范圍太窄不利于段落的展開(kāi)論述。

　　例如：Going to college, one can make friends.看到這個(gè)句子的時(shí)候，相信大部分考生會(huì)有句子已經(jīng)把話說(shuō)完的感覺(jué)。原因是這個(gè)主題句限定的范圍太窄了。我們可以改成：Going to college, one can learn more and thus make more suitable friends.

　　寫(xiě)好主題句，接下來(lái)就是對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行論證了。一般來(lái)講，真正決定作文表達(dá)效果的還是中間段。為了緊扣題意，增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，中間段的寫(xiě)作可采用以下三種方法：因果論證法、對(duì)比法、舉例法。

　?。ㄒ唬┮蚬撟C法

　　因果論證法是給出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，并從不同的幾個(gè)方面分條列舉原因或者可能的影響的方法。因果論證法常用的素材有：

　　引出原因

　　1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain .

　　也許有一些因素造成/可以解釋。

　　2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in .

　　引起顯著增長(zhǎng)/下降的原因有三個(gè)/許多/幾個(gè)/很多。

　　3. Some reasons can explain this trend. 一些原因可以解釋這一趨勢(shì)。

　　4. Why  ?為什么？

　　5. The causes of  are varied. They include , and perhaps the main cause is .

　　造成的原因有很多，包括,主要原因可能是。

　　6. The reason for this is not far to seek. 這一問(wèn)題的原因不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors.

　　要找出這一現(xiàn)象的原因并非易事，因?yàn)樗婕叭舾蓮?fù)雜的因素。

　　8. There are numerous reasons why , and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. 的原因有很多，這里我只想探討其中幾個(gè)最重要的原因。

　　9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones.

　　導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象的原因有很多，以下是其中比較有代表性的。

　　10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones.

　　有很多原因可以解釋該問(wèn)題。就我而言，我認(rèn)為以下原因比較典型。

　　11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of .

　　引起變化的因素有很多。

　　12. Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involve .

　　任何對(duì)此問(wèn)題的討論都不可避免地涉及。

　　13. One may attribute/ascribe the increase/decrease/change to .

　　人們可能將這一增長(zhǎng)/下降/變化歸因于。

　　14. We may blame/criticize for ,but the causes/roots of the problem/phenomenon/trend go much deeper.

　　我們或許會(huì)因?yàn)榕u(píng)，但是這一問(wèn)題/現(xiàn)象/趨勢(shì)背后有著更深層次的原因。

　　分條列舉原因

　　1. In the first place, . In the second place, .

　　首先，。其次，。

　　2. First, . Second,  . 首先，。其次，。

　　3. To begin with, . Secondly, . Last but not least, .

　　首先，。其次，。最后但并不是最不重要的，。

　　4. The first reason is that . The second one is . The third is .

　　第一個(gè)原因是。第二個(gè)原因是。第三個(gè)原因是。

　　5. First of all, . Secondly, . Furthermore, .

　　首先，。其次，。另外,。

　　6. For one thing, . For another, .

　　一方面,。另一方面，。

　　7. Firstly, . Secondly, . Thirdly, .

　　首先，。其次，。再次，。

　　8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe.

　　我不同意上述觀點(diǎn)的另一個(gè)原因是我認(rèn)為。

　?。ǘ?duì)比法

　　對(duì)比法是通過(guò)正反兩方面的比較來(lái)闡釋主題的方法。中間段中對(duì)比法的運(yùn)用一般是先揭示圖片內(nèi)涵，再?gòu)恼磧煞矫嬲撟C圖片的內(nèi)涵。對(duì)比法常用的素材有：

　　1. The advantages gained in  outweigh/are much greater than the advantages we gain from . 從中獲取的優(yōu)勢(shì)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)我們從中獲取的。

　　2.  bear(s) a close/striking resemblance to .

　　與極為相似。

　　3. On the one hand, . On the other hand, .

　　一方面,。另一方面,。

　　4. Similarly/Likewise/In the same way, . 同樣，。

　　5. Although  enjoy(s) a distinct advantage, .

　　盡管有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是。

　　6. Many students like . Among them there are two different attitudes to . Some of them think that . Others, however, don't think so. They feel that .

　　許多學(xué)生喜歡。關(guān)于他們有兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)。有人認(rèn)為。而另外一些則不贊同這種看法。他們認(rèn)為。

　　7. Nothing/Few things can approach/equal/match . 沒(méi)有什么能與相比。

　　8. Indeed,  carries more weight than  when  is concerned.

　　的確，就而言，的重要性要超過(guò)。

　　9. Serious as the problem may be, it pales in comparison with .

　　這個(gè)問(wèn)題可能很嚴(yán)重，但與相比就微不足道了。

　　10. In comparison/contrast, . 比較而言/對(duì)比起來(lái)，。

　　11. Indeed/Certainly,  play(s) a more/less important role when compared with .

　　當(dāng)然，與相比，的影響要大/小得多。

　　12. Despite the fact that most of them like , I would like to choose to .

　　盡管大多數(shù)人喜歡，我還是傾向于。

　　13. When the advantages and disadvantages are compared/weighed, the conclusion/finding is quite obvious/self-evident. 比較一下優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，結(jié)論就不言而喻了。

　　14. There is no consensus among people as to . Some people suggest that , while others argue that . I agree with the latter/former.

　　人們并未就達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)。一些人建議，而另一些人則認(rèn)為。我贊成后者/前者。

　　15. People differ greatly in their attitudes toward this problem. Some maintain that . Others, on the contrary, hold the opinion that . Personally, I stand on the side of .

　　人們對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的態(tài)度差異很大。有人認(rèn)為。與此相反，另外一些人認(rèn)為。就我個(gè)人而言，我站在這一邊。

　　16. For most people today,  have/has become their main source of . But as for me,  should be regarded as a better source.

　　如今大多數(shù)人將作為的主要來(lái)源。但就我而言，應(yīng)被看作一種更好的來(lái)源。

　　17. may be superior to , but it poses problems for those who .

　　可能比更好一些，但它會(huì)給那些的人帶來(lái)問(wèn)題。

　　18. Different people have different ideas about . Some people take it for granted that . On the contrary, some other people think .

　　關(guān)于的觀點(diǎn)因人而異。有人想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為。相反，其他人則認(rèn)為。

　　19. This case has aroused echoes throughout the country with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely. Those who oppose/object to/are against it argue/hold that , but people who advocate/support/are for it maintain/assert/claim that .

　　隨著越來(lái)越多的人加入它的行列，這一事件已經(jīng)在全國(guó)引起了巨大反響。然而，人們對(duì)此的觀點(diǎn)卻迥然不同。反對(duì)者認(rèn)為，但支持者則宣稱。

　　20. People differ in their opinions on . Some of them believe that , while others deem that .

　　人們對(duì)持有不同的看法。有些人認(rèn)為,而有些人則認(rèn)為。

　　21. Many surveys show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to realize that . Meanwhile, many people still live under the traditional idea that .

　　許多調(diào)查顯示，越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始意識(shí)到。同時(shí)，仍有許多人持傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為。

　?。ㄈ┡e例法

　　舉例法是指通過(guò)列舉事例或具體細(xì)節(jié)使主題句的抽象含義具體化，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明主題句所表達(dá)的思想的方法。舉例法能增強(qiáng)說(shuō)服力和條理性。引出例子常用的素材有：

　　1. From my everyday experience and observation I can list several examples that defend the statement that .

　　根據(jù)我的日常經(jīng)驗(yàn)和觀察，我可以舉出幾個(gè)例子來(lái)證明。

　　2.  There are many instances supporting my opinion. 有許多例子可以證明我的觀點(diǎn)。

　　3.  Perhaps the most important example of  is .

　　有關(guān)的最重要的例子可能是。

　　4.  A case in point is . 一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)睦邮恰?br />
　　5.  Take  for example. 以為例。

　　6.  This is a concrete example concerning . 這是一個(gè)有關(guān)的具體例子。

　　7. Nothing could be more obvious/apparent than the evidence that .

　　再?zèng)]有比更明顯的例子了。

　　8. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the example of .

　　要說(shuō)明這個(gè)問(wèn)題，是一個(gè)最好的例子。

　　9. The latest surveys conducted by  show/reveal/demonstrate/indicate that .

　　由開(kāi)展的最新調(diào)查顯示,。

　　10.  No one can deny the fact that .

　　沒(méi)有人可以否認(rèn)的事實(shí)。

　　11. Talking about , the first thing that may occur to you and me seems to be .

　　說(shuō)到，我們首先想到的似乎就是。

　　12. A common example, which is frequently cited, is .

　　一個(gè)被普遍引用的例子是。

　　13. Instances of the same sort might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that .

　　類似的例子不勝枚舉，但這一個(gè)就足以說(shuō)明。

　　14.  History abounds with the example of . 歷史上有許多方面的例子。

　　15. The following example best illustrates the idea that .

　　下面這個(gè)例子很好地說(shuō)明了。

　　16. As one writer/scientist/psychologist wrote/commented/pointed out/noted, .

　　正如一位作家/科學(xué)家/心理學(xué)家所寫(xiě)/說(shuō)/指出的，。

　　17.  It is a commonly accepted fact that . 是一個(gè)被普遍接受的事實(shí)。

　　18. This is a typical/striking/notable illustration/example of .

　　這是的典型例子。

　　19. To the already familiar examples/facts, a few more/a number of other examples/facts can be added.

　　除了這些已經(jīng)熟悉的例子/事實(shí)，我們還可以舉出其他的一些例子/事實(shí)。

　　03

　　末段方法

　　末段一般是總結(jié)全文，照應(yīng)題目，點(diǎn)明主旨，深化中心。簡(jiǎn)潔、有力的末段可以為文章錦上添花。末段的寫(xiě)作可嘗試使用以下四種方法：歸納總結(jié)法、名言引用法、提出建議法、預(yù)測(cè)展望法。

　?。ㄒ唬w納總結(jié)法

　　歸納總結(jié)法指的是以文章前面的論述為依據(jù)，引出或重申文章的中心思想或結(jié)論。歸納總結(jié)法常用素材有：

　　1. To sum up,  can benefit us tremendously if correctly used.

　　總而言之，如果運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，會(huì)讓我們受益匪淺。

　　2. Therefore, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that .

　　因此，不難得出以下結(jié)論：。

　　3. Recognizing the fact that  will lead us to conclude that .

　　承認(rèn)這一事實(shí)，我們能得出以下結(jié)論：。

　　4. The evidence upon all sides supports/confirms/leads to a conclusion that .

　　各方面的證據(jù)支持/表明/得出這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論：。

　　5. From what has been discussed above/Based on the points discussed above, we can draw/arrive at the conclusion that .

　　綜上所述，我們能得出如下結(jié)論：。

　　6. In summary/conclusion/a word, it is important that we should .

　　總之，我們應(yīng)該，這一點(diǎn)很重要。

　　（二）名言引用法

　　名言引用法是指引用古今中外名人的名言警句來(lái)證明論點(diǎn)。名言引用法常用素材有：

　　1. The saying  has been widely accepted throughout the world.

　　名言在世界范圍內(nèi)被普遍接受。

　　2. “.” We are used to hearing such words like those.

　　“。”我們常常聽(tīng)到這樣的說(shuō)法。

　　3. “.” Such is the opinion of a great man. This remark has been confirmed time and time again by many historical events.

　　“。”這是一位偉大的人物的觀點(diǎn)。該言論已經(jīng)被許多歷史事件反復(fù)驗(yàn)證。

　　4. As the proverb goes, . 正如諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)。

　　5. There is an English proverb which says that . 有一個(gè)英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)說(shuō)，。

　　6. There is an old saying, “.” It is the experience of our forefathers, however, it is correct in many cases even today.

　　古語(yǔ)道：“。”這是前輩的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但在今天許多情況下也適用。

　?。ㄈ┨岢鼋ㄗh法

　　提出建議法是指對(duì)所討論的問(wèn)題提出建設(shè)性的意見(jiàn)或者解決問(wèn)題的具體方法。提出建議法常用素材有：

　　1. It is time to hear the warnings of some economists.

　　該是聽(tīng)聽(tīng)一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的警告的時(shí)候了。

　　2. It is time that we put/urged an immediate end to the undesirable situation/tendency of .

　　該是結(jié)束這種討厭的情況/趨勢(shì)的時(shí)候了。

　　3. Therefore, in order to , effective means should be taken to .

　　所以，為了，必須采取有效措施來(lái)。

　　4.  It is high time that . Here are some of the things that might be taken up immediately.

　　該是的時(shí)候了。這里有幾項(xiàng)措施可以立即著手執(zhí)行。

　　5. It is suggested that the government should make efforts to .

　　人們建議政府應(yīng)該做出努力去。

　　6. In short/In any case, we should/ought to/must .

　　總之/無(wú)論如何，我們應(yīng)該/必須。

　　7. Awareness of the seriousness of the problem is the first step toward the solution.

　　意識(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性是解決問(wèn)題的第一步。

　　（四）預(yù)測(cè)展望法

　　預(yù)測(cè)展望法是指預(yù)測(cè)某一現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)或某一措施的深遠(yuǎn)影響。預(yù)測(cè)展望法常用素材有：

　　1. The significance of  cannot be overvalued. 的意義重大。

　　2. What will happen to ? Nobody really knows. But one thing is certain: .

　　會(huì)發(fā)生什么事情？沒(méi)有人確切知道。但有一件事可以肯定：。

　　3. Following these suggestions may not guarantee success, but the payoff might be worth the effort. It will not only benefit  but also benefit .

　　也許這些建議并不能保證取得成功，但是值得一試。它不但會(huì)造福，而且也會(huì)使受益。

　　4. To reverse the trend is not a light task. It requires a good awareness of .

　　要想扭轉(zhuǎn)這一趨勢(shì)并非易事。這需要充分意識(shí)到。

　　5. People are coming to realize the importance of . Some have begun to try their best to . We believe that .

　　人們開(kāi)始意識(shí)到的重要性。許多人已經(jīng)開(kāi)始竭力。我們相信。

　　6. It is clear/obvious/evident/apparent that . Therefore, the task of  requires/demands/involves .

　　很顯然，。因此，要完成的任務(wù)必須。

　　7. With the improvement of ,  will prove to hold great superior over .

　　隨著的改善，將證明比更具優(yōu)越性。

　　8.  There is a growing tendency for people these days to , which I believe will not change in a short time.

　　現(xiàn)在，人們的趨勢(shì)正在增加，而且我認(rèn)為短時(shí)間內(nèi)這種趨勢(shì)不會(huì)改變。

　　9. If everyone is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.

　　如果人人都愿意為社會(huì)做出貢獻(xiàn)，社會(huì)將變得越來(lái)越美好。

　　10. Whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly .

　　不管它的作用是積極的還是消極的，可以肯定的是它必將。

　　11. Whatever you do, please remember the old saying . If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you'll necessarily benefit a lot from it.

　　不管你做什么，請(qǐng)記住這句老話：。如果你懂得它的意思，并將其應(yīng)用到學(xué)習(xí)或工作中，你定將受益匪淺。

　　12. The influence of  is not confined to . It also .

　　***的影響不僅局限于。它還***。

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