考研英語(yǔ)作文如何拿高分：用詞是基礎(chǔ)

　　摘要：在考研作文閱卷過程中，閱卷老師一般先根據(jù)作文結(jié)構(gòu)給出基本分，然后根據(jù)用詞和句式方面的好壞進(jìn)行加減分。

　　單詞和短語(yǔ)是文章最基本的組成單位。用詞是否出彩在一定程度上決定了文章是否能得高分。

　　要想用對(duì)詞，一般需要遵循以下原則：無重復(fù)原則、詞義具體化原則、短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則。

　　01無重復(fù)原則

　　在表達(dá)同一意思時(shí)，英語(yǔ)寫作中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在同一文章中反復(fù)使用同一個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)的情況，這就是我們通常所說的重復(fù)。除了修辭上的需要，重復(fù)使用某個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)容易給閱卷老師留下詞匯匱乏的印象。

　　例如：

　　名詞重復(fù)  It is advisable to take a good attitude because attitude is a guarantee for our success.

　　動(dòng)詞重復(fù)  I like reading while my brother likes playing football.

　　形容詞重復(fù) The drawing, profound as it is, does illustrate a profound social phenomenon that...

　　為避免用詞的重復(fù)，可采用以下方法：省略；代詞替換；同義詞、反義詞、派生詞替換。

　　省略是避免重復(fù)最主要的方法。它可以節(jié)省詞語(yǔ)，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更緊湊，還可以有效避免名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞的重復(fù)。

　　例如：Jack needn't stay here, but George must (stay here).

　　代詞替換這種方法主要用于解決名詞的重復(fù)問題。

　　例如：It is advisable to take a good attitude because attitude is a guarantee for our success.可改為：It is advisable to take a good attitude because it is a guarantee for our success.

　　同義詞、反義詞、派生詞轉(zhuǎn)換：英語(yǔ)中，人們常常用同義詞代替上文出現(xiàn)過的詞，以求避免用詞重復(fù)，體現(xiàn)文采，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象被稱作“求雅變異”。恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用同義詞不僅可以體現(xiàn)雅致的文風(fēng)，還有利于增強(qiáng)段落的統(tǒng)一性和連貫性。

　　以下文為例：

　　Last but not least, a number of people keep on learning simply because the activity itself brings enormous fun. Do you remember the joy of solving a difficult equation on your own as a student? Do you remember the pleasure of touching those greatest immortal souls by reading classics? Do you remember the excitement when you finally learned a skill after trying dozens of times? These experiences remind us of how much fun the learning has, and it would be a great loss if we did not continue.

　　該段落通順流暢、渾然一體。這里真正起到銜接作用的一是三個(gè)以“Do you remember”開頭的排比句，形式上的工整起到前后呼應(yīng)的作用；二是近義詞。借助與主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞“fun”語(yǔ)義上的密切聯(lián)系，joy, pleasure, excitement彼此間相互呼應(yīng)，從而使整個(gè)論述部分緊緊圍繞中心，直接支持論點(diǎn)。

　　02詞義具體化原則

　　詞義具體化就是指寫作過程中盡量避免使用意義寬泛、模糊的詞，要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境使用具體、生動(dòng)的詞。

　　考生作文中常見的一大問題正是寬泛詞用得過多，論述浮于表面，不夠細(xì)致深入。

　　以下文為例：

　　Secondly, doing some social practice, such as some volunteering work, can improve college students' practical abilities. It will create more opportunities for college students to communicate with various kinds of people, strengthen the students' confidence of expressing their own ideas and improve their practical abilities.

　　該文章由于選用寬泛詞，沒有深入挖掘展示social practice和practical abilities的具體內(nèi)容，因此段落并沒有真正展開，只有骨頭沒有肉，打動(dòng)不了閱卷老師。與之相反，下文通過用大量明確、具體的詞來論述主題句中的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容，可以給閱卷老師留下深刻印象。

　　Secondly, through some social practice college students can improve their practical abilities. They can learn how to bargain, negotiate, and compromise in finding a part-time job; they can learn how to lead, motivate, and compliment their followers when organizing a campus event; they can learn how to release pressure, compose themselves and give the best performance in the face of a demanding speech contest. By joining social activities, college students can develop their communication skills and problem-solving abilities.

　　上面的考生作文對(duì)social practice的內(nèi)容具體展開，用排比句具體闡述了學(xué)生熟悉的三種社會(huì)實(shí)踐場(chǎng)景：尋找兼職、組織校園活動(dòng)和參加演講比賽?？忌矝]有空洞地說提高practical abilities，而是把practical abilities的內(nèi)容根據(jù)以上提到的三種社會(huì)實(shí)踐場(chǎng)景具體化，如communication skills和problem-solving abilities。把寬泛的內(nèi)容具體化能使論證更加充分，更容易打動(dòng)閱卷老師，得到高分。

　　03短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則

　　在寫作中使用短語(yǔ)是彰顯自己作文功底的一種方法。使用短語(yǔ)替換單詞具有兩大優(yōu)勢(shì)：

　?、偈刮恼赂鼮榈氐?，增加亮點(diǎn)。

　?、谠黾幼?jǐn)?shù)。

　　常見的單詞轉(zhuǎn)化成短語(yǔ)的方法有：

　?。ㄒ唬┬稳菰~變短語(yǔ)方法：of+同根名詞

　　常見的形容詞及對(duì)應(yīng)短語(yǔ)如下：

　　（二）動(dòng)詞變短語(yǔ)方法：同義短語(yǔ)替換

　　常見的動(dòng)詞和對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)如下:

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