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英語真題長難句大剖析,助你突破翻譯難關(guān)

  摘要:在考研英語中,長難句是很常見的,很多考研er都會碰到每個單詞都認識,就是不會翻譯的情況,今天我們一起給真題中的長難句做一個大剖析,希望幫助你突破翻譯難關(guān)。

  ?1.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.

  詞匯突破:cognitive 認知的 (后天習得的)

  Intuitive 先天的

  和以上這組單詞概念相同的表達還有:

  Nature先天;nurture后天; born ;先天的;made 后天的;innate天生的;Acquired后天習得;

  Determine 決定

  Coupled with 相當于and,想類似的表達還有along with ; combined with等。

  主干識別:句子的主語是This success和later research ;謂語是led; 賓語是Ericsson; 不定式短語to conclude 做狀語;主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that …

  其他成分:在research后面接一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語做后置定語,在這個現(xiàn)在分詞短語中that引導的從句做showing 的賓語;在不定式短語中that引導的從句做conclude的賓語;more…than結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯為與其說,不如說。

  微觀解析:由于主語中的第二個并列成分比較長,且是用兩個逗號隔開的,在閱讀的時候可以跳讀;把This success和動詞led先連起來然后再來解析其他成分。

  譯文賞析:這種成功和后來表明記憶本身并不是先天決定的研究使愛立信總結(jié)道,記憶的行為與其說是一種先天的行為不如說是一種習得的行為。

  ?2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

  詞匯突破:visualize 想象

  Figure out 發(fā)現(xiàn)和找出

  Suits 使…適合

  主干識別:句子主語是由how引導的一個主語從句,it是句子的形式主語;句子主干為: How …is not obvious.

  在主語從句中主語是capacity,謂語是suits 賓語是one ;

  其他成分:狀語為to answer…主語后加上兩個動詞不定式做后置定語; 動詞不定式中的賓語questions后面接一個that引導的定語從句。

  難點揭秘:這個句子是一個由形式主語it引導的主語從句,其中難點為需要識別出主語從句中的動詞suits.

  譯文賞析:構(gòu)思物體和找出數(shù)字模型的能力是如何讓一個人去回答那些連最好的詩人和哲學家都回避的問題的,這點我們還不是很清楚。

  ?3.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

  【詞匯突破】Toil through (辛苦的經(jīng)歷)

  名詞:Winston Churchill: "Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat”(丘吉爾演講)

  sweat and toil (汗水和辛苦)

  He succeeded after years of toil. (他經(jīng)歷數(shù)年的辛勞之后成功了)

  SAT 美國高考 全稱為scholastic assessment test 學術(shù)性評估測試

  testify 證實

  matter 這里是動詞,重要;sth matters 事情很重要;

  【主干識別】anyone 為句子的主語,will testify 為句子謂語,that引導一個賓語從句;

  【其他成分】that 引導的賓語從句中test-taking skill 為主語,matters 做謂語,whether 引導一個狀語從句

  【譯文賞析】任何一個曾經(jīng)辛苦的經(jīng)歷過SAT考試的人都會證實考試的技巧也很重要,無論這種技巧是知道什么時候去猜還是知道什么問題應該跳過。

  【造句】Anyone who has achieved the success to any extent will testify that cooperation matters, whether it’s individual’s willingness to cooperate or team work spirit of a group.

  ?4. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.

  【詞匯突破】count on 依靠;

  fair play 公平競爭

  【主干識別】the American middle-class family has been transformed主干是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)被動態(tài);

  【其他成分】that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure 定語從句修飾middle-class family ;During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 做狀語;

  【微觀解析】the American middle-class family 為句子主語,謂語是has been transformed;During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 為狀語;that 引導一個定語從句,that在從句中做主語,謂語為 could count on, 賓語為hard work and fair play;to keep itself financially secure為狀語。

  【難點揭秘】主語后接了較長的修飾成份使這個句子在閱讀時主干不容易把握。造成理解的困難。

  【譯文賞析】在過去的20多年時間里,那些曾經(jīng)依靠辛勤工作和公平競爭就可以保證自己財政收支安全的美國中產(chǎn)階級家庭已經(jīng)被經(jīng)濟風險和新的現(xiàn)實所改變。(定語從句前置的翻譯方法來處理這個句子)

  ?5.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

  【詞匯突破】agony 痛苦

  despair 絕望

  prolong 延長

  【主干識別】many acknowledge that +賓語從句 (many 作為代詞表示很多人,或者很多個體)

  【其他成分】On another level 做狀語和in the medical community做定語;the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled by the despair of patients為賓語從句主干;

  特別提示:fuel本來意思是燃料,但是這里可以理解為由于,因為,加劇的意思;

  為了以后閱讀理解更透徹,可以直接把結(jié)構(gòu)

  A is fueled by B 理解為:

  A是結(jié)果;B是原因

  例句:

  China's success is fueled by the age of globlization.

  【微觀解析】in part賓語從句中的狀語,for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.定語從句修飾patients; 定語從句還原為一個獨立的句子就是:Modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them. 這個句子中的them 和前面句子中的patients 為相同名詞,因此在這里作者將其寫成了一個定語從句,但是在翻譯的時候是要分譯的。

  這句話在定語從句的前世和今生:

  suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients.

  The modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them.

  (兩個句子中出現(xiàn)了共有的名詞patients 和 them,于是them 被換成了whom ;for whom 一并提前。)

  【難點揭秘】同樣是隔離結(jié)構(gòu)在閱讀的過程中給我們帶來不舒服的感覺,in part 放到了 fueled 和 by 之間,in the medical community放到了many和acknowledge之間。

  【譯文賞析】在另一個層面上,很多醫(yī)療界的人士承認,關(guān)于醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺的討論,部分是因為病人的絕望情緒,對病人來說,現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學已經(jīng)延長了死亡的生理的痛苦。

  【寫作】On another level,many in the educational establishment acknowledge that the debate on the ranking of universities ?has been fueled in part by the despair of graduates for whom the discrimination brought by the ranking of university has put more obstacles on their job hunting way.

  ?6.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.

  【詞匯突破】

  illustrate 例證;

  in terms of 根據(jù),以…為依據(jù);

  【主干識別】The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表結(jié)構(gòu)兩個并列的動詞

  【其他成分】naturally ,in those areas of science , in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom為狀語。

  【微觀解析】based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾狀語中的名詞science做定語。

  【難點揭秘】naturally 和 especially 副詞做狀語放的位置都不是在開頭和結(jié)尾,而是放在了中間部分,這樣給我們閱讀帶來一定的困擾,但是難點既亮點,我們在寫作的過程中就可以靈活的運用:based especially on這樣的表達了。

  【譯文賞析】很自然,這種趨勢會在尤以數(shù)學或?qū)嶒炇矣柧殲榛A(chǔ)的自然學科領(lǐng)域中表現(xiàn)的最為明顯,并且可以用英國地質(zhì)學的發(fā)展作為例證來說明。

  【翻譯點撥】把副詞放到開頭來翻譯,正是體現(xiàn)了前面所講到的副詞很多時候就是在修飾整個句子。

  ?7.The report identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end--of--life care.

  【詞匯突破】 under treatment 治療不足

  aggressive 1.侵略的,侵犯的 2.好斗的,挑釁的 3.有進取精神的;有干勁的 4.大膽的

  dishonor 使丟臉,使受恥辱

  medical procedures 醫(yī)療手段

  【主干識別】The report identifies…and…as the twin problems of end--of--life care 主謂賓賓補結(jié)構(gòu);the under treatment of pain和 the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying 為并列的賓語成分。

  【微觀解析】that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying為定語從句修飾ineffectual and forced medical procedures,定語從句中有兩個并列的動詞prolong and dishonor做謂語。

  【難點揭秘】這個句子的困難之處就在于并列賓語的后半部分加上了一個定語從句進而使identify 和as 之間的距離拉大,產(chǎn)生了閱讀障礙。

  【譯文賞析】報告把對疼痛處理不夠和大膽使用可能延長死亡期甚至讓病人死的不體面的無效的和強制的醫(yī)療手段確定為臨終關(guān)懷的兩個問題。

  報告確定了臨終關(guān)懷的兩個問題,一是對疼痛處理不夠,二是大膽的使用可能延長死亡期甚至讓病人死的不體面的那些無效和強制的醫(yī)療手段。

  【翻譯點撥】這個句子的翻譯主要考察對于詞的理解: dishonor the period of dying 直接翻譯就是:使死亡的階段受到恥辱??梢赞D(zhuǎn)譯為:讓病人死的不體面。中文是習慣是以人為主體的。還有就是medical procedures 表示醫(yī)療手段而不要翻譯成醫(yī)療過程。

  ?8. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.

  【詞匯突破】

  inspired 有激發(fā)性的

  establishment 機構(gòu),建立

  nonetheless 但是

  case 事實,實情

  【主干識別】The notion would seem merely silly. 主系表結(jié)構(gòu)

  【其他成分】that learning should have in it an element of inspired play 同位語從句修飾notion;主干為that learning should have an element of inspired play,是主謂結(jié)構(gòu);in it 為狀語。to the greater part of the academic establishment狀語。

  【難點揭秘】這個句子的難點就是在主干中加入了狀語和同位語從句使句子結(jié)構(gòu)變得復雜。很多同學會對but 和 nonetheless 連用感到困惑。兩個句子之間是需要連詞連接的,but是連詞,起連接兩個句子的作用。

  但是兩個句子之間的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系并不是像but所表達的那樣強烈,前后兩句之間為“部分肯定”的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,因此使用nonetheless 轉(zhuǎn)折副詞,表明轉(zhuǎn)折的意味并不強烈。這里的but也可以換為and。

  【譯文賞析】大多數(shù)的學術(shù)機構(gòu)認為在學習中加入有啟發(fā)性玩耍的理念是非常愚蠢的,但是這樣的事情確實常常發(fā)生的。

  【翻譯點撥】把狀語翻譯為中文中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),我們也可以翻譯為:“對于大多數(shù)的學術(shù)機構(gòu)而言”,但是翻譯為中文的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)更簡潔,that is the case 如果翻譯為這就是事實,沒有能表達出準確的句意。就正如邁克爾杰克遜的紀念電影this is it 我們翻譯為:就是這樣。

  ?9. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.

  【詞匯突破】argue for 支持

  argue against 反對

  on the behalf of = on behalf of 代表

  career prospects 就業(yè)前景

  radical 徹底的,根本的,激進的

  【主干識別】An invisible border divides those and those. 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)

  【其他成分】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects 和arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform 現(xiàn)在分詞短語分別修飾兩個those 作后置定語。

  【微觀解析】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects相當于who argue for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects

  【難點揭秘】divide those …and those…在兩個those后面加上了很長的修飾成分造成了結(jié)構(gòu)識別的困難。

  【譯文賞析】一條無形的界限將支持計算機進課堂的人分為兩類:一類人是從學生的職業(yè)前景從發(fā)思考的,另一類人想的是像教育的徹底改革這樣的一些更廣泛的理由。

  【翻譯點撥】在翻譯的過程中,我們把arguing for computers in the classroom放到了those 前作漢語中的前置定語再把過長的定語部分單獨成句,這樣更符合中文的表達習慣。

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