2016考研英語（一）真題（完整版）

Text 2

    For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.

   A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”.  It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill’s pressure later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . It needs constant guardianship.

   At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorising“off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.

The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.

 The idea that”housing crisis”equals“concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets . This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative --- the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.

26.  Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside
【A】  has brought much benefit to the NHS.
【B】  didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.
【C】  is fully backed by the royal family.
【D】  is not well reflected in politics.

27. According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being
【A】  gradually destroyed.
【B】  effectively reinforced.
【C】  properly protected.
【D】  largely overshadowed.

28.  which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
【A】  Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.
【B】  the Conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“ building.
【C】  the Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.
【D】  labour is under attack for opposing development.

29.  the author holds that George Osborne’s preference
【A】  reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.
【B】  shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.
【C】  stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.
【D】  highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

30.  In the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation of
【A】  the size of population in Britain.
【B】  the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.
【C】  the town-and-country planning in Britain.
【D】  the political life in today is Britain.
 

Text 3

   “There is on and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

    The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. Al recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
    The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programms tended to get more lenient penalties,. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s

Political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

 In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern , such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving byabout20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials”, says one researcher. 
         Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them less costly punishment.

31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with

【A】tolerance.
【B】skepticism.
【C】uncertainty.
【D】approval.

32.According to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company by

【A】winning trust from consumers.
【B】guarding it against malpractices.
【C】protecting it from being defamed.
【D】raising the quality of its products.

33. The expression “more lenient ”(line 2,para.4)is closest in meaning to

【A】more effective
【B】less controversial
【C】less severe
【D】more lasting

34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR regard  

【A】has an impact on their decision
【B】comes across as reliable evidence
【C】increases the chance of being penalized
【D】constitutes part of the investigation

35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
【A】 Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
【B】 The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.
【C】Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
【D】 It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
 

Text 4

    There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future”, the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.

   Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper — printing presses, delivery trucks — isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print away. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.

Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Joah Peretti.

    Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.”Fighting out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense of them,”he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”

    Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example seen as a blunder,”he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti would raise prices  and make it into more of a legacy product.”

    The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product ,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which way be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs $500 a year — more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.

    “It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive. ”

36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to

【A】the pressure from its investors.
【B】the complaints from its readers.
【C】the high cost of operation.
【D】the increasing online ad sales.
 

37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should

【A】make strategic adjustments
【B】end the print edition for good.
【C】seek new sources of readership.
【D】aim for efficient management.
 

38. It can be inferred form Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”

【A】will have the cost of printing reduced.
【B】is meant for the most loyal customers.
【C】helps restore the glory of former times.
【D】expands the popularity of the paper.

39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world,

【A】traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.
【B】aggressiveness better meets challenges.
【C】cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.
【D】legacy businesses are becoming outdated.
 

40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

【A】Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.
【B】Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.
【C】Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.
【D】Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once.