2016考研英語（一）真題及答案詳細(xì)解析

　　Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
　　Text1
　　France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.

　　Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.

　　The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.

　　The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.

　　The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

　　In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:”We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.

　　Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.

　　21. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?
　　[A]Physical beauty would be redefined.
　　[B]New runways would be constructed.
　　[C]Websites about dieting would thrive.
　　[D]The fashion industry would decline.

　　22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning to
　　[A]heightening the value of
　　[B]indicating the state of
　　[C]losing faith in
　　[D]doing harm to

　　23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry？
　　[A]The French measures have already failed.
　　[B]New standards are being set in Denmark.
　　[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure.
　　[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse.

　　24.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for
　　[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions
　　[B]caring too much about model’s character.
　　[C]showing little concern for health factors
　　[D]setting a high age threshold for models.

　　25.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?
　　[A]A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals
　　[B]A Dilemma for the Starving models in France
　　[C]Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty
　　[D]The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

　　21.答案 A Physical beauty would be redefined
　　解析：這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)France定位到第一段第一句，主干成分為France has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty。此外第二段第二句They suggest beauty should not be define by looks…故而A physical beauty would be redefined為同義替換，即為正確答案。

　　22.答案 D doing harm to
　　解析：此題為詞義題。定位到第二段第二句They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. 根據(jù)end up 可以看出beauty should not be defined by looks 和that end up impinging on health為順承關(guān)系，所以“改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)美不僅僅是外表的定義”可以結(jié)束對(duì)健康的危害。故而可以推知doing harm to是正確答案。

　　23.答案 B New Standards are being set in Denmark
　　解析：此題是正誤判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第二句話 In Denmark,…it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion…可知B選項(xiàng) New standards are being set in Denmark是其同義替換。

　　24.答案 C showing little concern for health factors
　　解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)師很可能因?yàn)槭裁丛虮籆FW拒絕，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞可回到文中定位至倒數(shù)第二段，首句說丹麥的時(shí)尚界就有關(guān)模特的年齡，健康及其他特性的內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致意見，切一項(xiàng)新法案也明確規(guī)定，他們已經(jīng)意識(shí)到時(shí)尚界對(duì)于人們尤其是年輕人的身體健康所帶來的影響，并且該對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)，接著下一句就說，這一法規(guī)的執(zhí)行方式就是拒絕一些設(shè)計(jì)師，因?yàn)榭梢酝茢嘣O(shè)計(jì)師很可能因?yàn)椴豢紤]身體健康因素而被CFW拒絕。

　　25.答案 D A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals
　　解析：主旨題。本文從首段就開始闡述法國(guó)的觀點(diǎn)，即時(shí)尚界已經(jīng)失去了定義女性身體之美的權(quán)利，且議會(huì)也禁止網(wǎng)站通過宣傳過度節(jié)食來強(qiáng)調(diào)過度消瘦。二段繼續(xù)說明美麗不能只看外表更不能以犧牲健康為代價(jià)。三段說女性不該讓他人來評(píng)判自己的美麗。以及后面的段落中也一直在不斷說明一點(diǎn)，即健康很重要，不能只看外表。所以文章最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是D，對(duì)時(shí)尚界完美身材的質(zhì)疑。

　　Text 2
　　For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.

　　A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”.It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill’s pressure later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . It needs constant guardianship.

　　At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation， even authorising“off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.

　　The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.

　　The idea that”housing crisis”equals“concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets . This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative --- the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.

　　26.Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside
　　[A]has brought much benefit to the NHS.
　　[B]didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.
　　[C]is fully backed by the royal family.
　　[D]is not well reflected in politics.

　　27. According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being
　　[A]gradually destroyed.
　　[B]effectively reinforced.
　　[C]properly protected.
　　[D]largely overshadowed.

　　28.which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
　　[A]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.
　　[B]the Conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“ building.
　　[C]the Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.
　　[D]labour is under attack for opposing development.

　　29.the author holds that George Osborne’s preference
　　[A]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.
　　[B]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.
　　[C]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.
　　[D]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

　　30.In the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation of
　　[A]the size of population in Britain.
　　[Bthe enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.
　　[C]the town-and-country planning in Britain.
　　[D]the political life in today is Britain.

　　26.答案 D is not well reflected in politics
　　解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。精讀題干，劃出關(guān)鍵詞。根據(jù)題干回到原文精確定位到首段最后一句，該句中的polls民意調(diào)查對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的public sentiment，定位答案處為“this has limited political support”，意思為這在政治支持方面是有限的。與D選項(xiàng)“在政治上沒有得到很好的反響”為同義替換。

　　27.答案 D largely overshadowed
　　解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干，題干中出現(xiàn)大寫the National Trust，定位到第二段首句the National Trust該句。二段首句只是對(duì)Hill的該項(xiàng)目做介紹，需向后看影響。往下可以讀到Hill’s pressure這句，寫到“Hill的項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)造出國(guó)家公園和綠地。他們不再制造鄉(xiāng)村了，而且每年鋼筋混凝土消耗的鄉(xiāng)村越來越多。鄉(xiāng)村需要持久的保護(hù)”。對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)，該項(xiàng)目的成就很大程度上被奪取了光輝。

　　28.答案 A Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation
　　解析：推斷題。題干問的是從第三段能推出什么，考察的是相應(yīng)段落的段落中心。觀察選項(xiàng)不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)中都是大寫的Ukip，The Conservatives，The Liberal Democrats，Labour?？筛鶕?jù)選項(xiàng)中的大寫回段落中尋找，發(fā)現(xiàn)Ukip所在的定位句為Only的倒裝強(qiáng)調(diào)句（倒裝強(qiáng)調(diào)句往往為答案所在處）。該句子意思是：只有Ukip意識(shí)到其機(jī)會(huì)，并支持這些人。和選項(xiàng)A對(duì)應(yīng)一下，Ukip可能能從其對(duì)農(nóng)村保護(hù)的支持中獲得好處，是同義替換。

　　29.答案B Shows his disregard for the character of rural areas
　　解析：細(xì)節(jié)題 問的是作者對(duì)于奧斯本的偏好（觀點(diǎn)）的具體看法。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞奧斯本定位至第五段，因?yàn)閱柕氖亲髡邔?duì)于奧斯本觀點(diǎn)的看法，所以只需要看在奧斯本的觀點(diǎn)之后作者的表達(dá)內(nèi)容，第五段倒數(shù)兩句話就是作者表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)的地方，即“我們沒有破壞城市中受到保護(hù)的地方”，“你們?yōu)槭裁匆茐泥l(xiāng)村的呢？”這就說明奧斯本一方的觀點(diǎn)是要破壞鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境。所以可得出答案是奧斯本想法表明了他對(duì)于鄉(xiāng)村人們的忽視。

　　30.答案C the-town-and-country planning in Britain
　　解析：根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段，問的是作者欣賞贊同什么，作者的觀點(diǎn)即是文章末段的段落中心，可定位到末段末句。末句指出，避免this會(huì)將左右黨派聯(lián)系起來，this代詞指代指代上句中所提到的內(nèi)容。Should即作者贊同的地方，也就是作者贊同的是城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合。