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2020考研英語(yǔ)秘籍:語(yǔ)法精煉之代詞(上)

  摘要:語(yǔ)法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)很多次了,沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長(zhǎng)難句,也無(wú)法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整理了考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精煉,希望可以幫助大家更方便的學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)~

  一、人稱代詞

  (一)人稱代詞的主格、賓格

  人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),賓格作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ),主格和賓格不可混用。

  例句: When school was over, Jack and me went home together.

  分析: me應(yīng)改為I,因?yàn)樗幵谥髡Z(yǔ)的位置上。

  譯文:Jack和我在放學(xué)后一起回家。

  例句: Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. (1996年第14題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中which a person smokes是修飾each cigarette的定語(yǔ)從句,he指代前面的a person。

  譯文: 一個(gè)人吸的每一支煙都對(duì)他的身體有害,最終他將因吸煙患上一種嚴(yán)重的疾病。

  (二) it的用法

  1. 代替除人以外的一切生物或事物(可代替單個(gè)詞、詞組或句子)。

  例句: The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. (2000年第19題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中he composes是省略了關(guān)系代詞which/that的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作狀語(yǔ)修飾enjoys。

  譯文: 理想的聽(tīng)眾是當(dāng)音樂(lè)奏響時(shí)既能置身其中又可超然其外的人,并且?guī)缀蹩梢韵褡髑以趧?chuàng)作音樂(lè)時(shí)那樣享受音樂(lè)。

  例句: You have saved my life and I will never forget it.

  分析: it指you have saved my life。

  譯文: 你曾經(jīng)挽救過(guò)我的生命,我決不會(huì)忘記這件事。

  2. 表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣等自然現(xiàn)象。

  例句: It is time now to tell the Americans they are on the wrong track.

  譯文: 現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候告訴美國(guó)人他們走錯(cuò)路了。

  例句: She didn't come back until it was 12:00.

  譯文: 直到12點(diǎn)她才回來(lái)。

  例句: It is about 50 miles to school.

  譯文: 到學(xué)校大概50英里。

  3. 作形式主語(yǔ)(真正的主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞、不定式或主語(yǔ)從句)

  例句: But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood aren't in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience. (選自2011年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to wonder if the images aren't contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience;we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the images;介詞短語(yǔ)in some small, subconscious way作狀語(yǔ),表示方式。

  譯文: 我們想知道每周看到的“毫無(wú)壓力、提升幸福感”的為人父母形象是否在以某種細(xì)微的、潛意識(shí)的方式加劇我們對(duì)現(xiàn)行生活體驗(yàn)的不滿呢?這很有意思。

  例句: In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年第49題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。it是形式主語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句who do not have a clear grasp...Constitution修飾journalists,can do是賓語(yǔ)從句how...的謂語(yǔ)部分。

  譯文: 事實(shí)上,很難想象那些對(duì)加拿大憲法的基本要點(diǎn)缺乏清晰了解的新聞?dòng)浾吣軇偃握涡侣劦膱?bào)道工作。

  4. 作形式賓語(yǔ)

  例句: The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. (選自2011年Text 2)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中it作形式賓語(yǔ),真正的賓語(yǔ)是to be between jobs or to leave a bad one,more acceptable作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

  譯文: 金融危機(jī)已經(jīng)使得等待工作機(jī)會(huì)或者辭去糟糕的工作這種行為更容易被人接受了。

  例句: There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does. (1998年第7題)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。no matter what he does在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示讓步,分詞短語(yǔ)making...作over 100 night schools的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

  譯文: 這個(gè)城市有100多所夜校,這使得專業(yè)人員無(wú)論從事什么工作都有可能接受再教育。

  5. 引出強(qiáng)調(diào)句(強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)以外的其他成分)

  用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型: It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who/whom/which)+其他部分,被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分常為主語(yǔ)(從句)、賓語(yǔ)(從句)、狀語(yǔ)(從句),強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用when或where,要用that,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分常用“是”、“正是”等來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)含義。判斷是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是去掉“it is/was”和“that(who/whom/which)”,如果余下部分是一個(gè)完整的句子,說(shuō)明原句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,否則就是一個(gè)由it作形式主語(yǔ)的句子。

  例句: It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. (選自2002年Use of English)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。分詞短語(yǔ)beginning with...作主語(yǔ)the communications revolution的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),該強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)during the same time。

  譯文: 與此同時(shí),通訊革命也在加速發(fā)展,從交通運(yùn)輸、鐵路開(kāi)始,發(fā)展到電報(bào)、電話、無(wú)線電和電影再到20世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)。

  例句: Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. (選自1998年Text 1)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。句子主干為humankind's long suffering...makes...so fascinating。其中短語(yǔ)at the mercy of...意為“聽(tīng)?wèi){……擺布,完全受……支配”。

  譯文: 也許正是由于人類長(zhǎng)期聽(tīng)任旱澇之災(zāi)的擺布,才使得讓洪水聽(tīng)從人類的調(diào)遣這種理想令人如此癡迷。

  二、物主代詞

  (一)物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞

  形容詞性物主代詞只能修飾名詞而不能代替名詞,而名詞性物主代詞可以代替名詞詞組,即“形容詞性物主代詞+前面所提到的名詞”。

  例句: All the off shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read affectionate letters from their families. (1998年第35題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。出現(xiàn)了as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 海洋石油勘探隊(duì)員們讀情深意濃的家書(shū)時(shí)個(gè)個(gè)情緒高漲。

  例句: He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, but hers is quite good.

  分析: 該句是并列句。第一部分是個(gè)復(fù)合句,出現(xiàn)了as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 他因?yàn)樵愀獾陌l(fā)音而不夠資格當(dāng)英文老師,但她的發(fā)音卻非常好。

  (二)不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞修飾名詞。

  如:不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),男性物主代詞置于女性物主代詞前。

  例句: Who do you like best, his or her friends?

  譯文: 你最喜歡他的還是她的朋友?

  (三)名詞性物主代詞(除its外)可與介詞of搭配,構(gòu)成雙重所有格

  a/an/some/any/no/another/each/such/several/which/this/that/these/those+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。

  如:

  a book of mine

  no fault of hers

  that pen of his

  例句: In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for additions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problems. (選自2006年P(guān)art B)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。got和wrote是兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

  譯文: 1998年3月,威廉姆斯的一個(gè)朋友把他強(qiáng)行送入一家戒賭治療中心,并寫(xiě)信通知賭場(chǎng)有關(guān)威廉姆斯的賭博問(wèn)題。

  三、反身代詞

  反身代詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ),使用時(shí)注意反身代詞與其指代對(duì)象在人稱、數(shù)和性上保持一致。

  例句: According to one belief, if truth is to be known, it will make itself apparent, so one had better wait instead of searching for it. (2001年第3題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中had better+ do意為“最好做某事”。

  譯文: 按照一種觀點(diǎn),真理若想眾人皆知,真理就應(yīng)該顯而易見(jiàn),所以人們最好是等待而不是去探尋它。

  例句: Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself of every chance to improve my English. (1999年第35題)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。avail oneself of...意為“利用(機(jī)會(huì)等)”。

  譯文: 我敬愛(ài)的導(dǎo)師懷特教授經(jīng)常提醒我抓住每個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)提高英語(yǔ)水平。

  例句: The house belongs to myself.(作介詞賓語(yǔ))

  譯文:這套房子是我自己的。

  You yourself did wrong to him.(作同位語(yǔ))

  譯文:是你對(duì)他犯了錯(cuò)。

  四、相互代詞

  相互代詞只有each other和one another兩種,通常前者表示兩者之間的相互關(guān)系,后者表示兩者以上的人或事物之間的相互關(guān)系。

  例句: Language, culture, and personality may be considered independently of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. (1996年第31題)

  分析: 該句是由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。

  譯文: 在意識(shí)形態(tài)中,語(yǔ)言、文化和個(gè)性可能被認(rèn)為是相互獨(dú)立的,但事實(shí)上它們是不可分割的。

  例句: In Europe, as elsewhere, multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. (2005年第47題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干為multimedia groups have been increasingly successful groups。定語(yǔ)從句which bring together...修飾groups,其中television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses作bring的賓語(yǔ),即bring...together, 另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that work in relation to one another修飾其前面的幾個(gè)名詞。

  譯文: 在歐洲,像在其他地方一樣,傳媒集團(tuán)擴(kuò)張?jiān)絹?lái)越成功,這些集團(tuán)將相關(guān)的電視、 廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

  注意: 相互代詞的所有格形式為each other's,one another's,其后接不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,不能接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。

  五、指示代詞

  (一)this,that和these,those

  指示代詞this和that的復(fù)數(shù)形式分別為these和those,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),this和these表示較近的空間或時(shí)間,that和those表示較遠(yuǎn)的空間和時(shí)間。

  例句: In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing.

  分析: 該句是并列句。

  譯文: 過(guò)去林業(yè)工人多半是男人,可如今從事這一行業(yè)的婦女人數(shù)在增加。

  例句: We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004年第62題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為We are obliged to them。because引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句who spoke them修飾the peoples,as引導(dǎo)的句子可以看做插入語(yǔ),補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 some of these languages have since vanished的原因。

  譯文: 我們之所以感激他們(兩位先驅(qū)),是因?yàn)樵诖艘院螅@些語(yǔ)言中有一些已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了,這是由于使用這些語(yǔ)言的民族或是消亡了,或是被同化而喪失了自己的本族語(yǔ)言。

  (二)指示代詞that和those也可用于比較結(jié)構(gòu),表示前面提到的東西,避免重復(fù)

  例句: The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half that of last year's. (1996年第7題)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句的主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)名詞number,因此后面指代它的代詞只能是單數(shù)that,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

  譯文: 今年登記參加馬拉松賽跑的人數(shù)是去年的一半。

  例句: His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006年第47題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為His function is analogous to that of a judge。定語(yǔ)從句who must accept...修飾a judge,介詞短語(yǔ)in as obvious a matter as possible作狀語(yǔ),用來(lái)說(shuō)明reveal的方式,另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句which led him to his decision修飾the course of reasoning。

  譯文: 他的職責(zé)與法官相似,必須承擔(dān)這樣的責(zé)任: 用盡可能明了的方式來(lái)展示自己作出決定的推理過(guò)程。

  例句: These bunches of flowers are more beautiful than those we bought yesterday.

  譯文: 這些束花比昨天我們買的那些花漂亮多了。

  (三)指示代詞such在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)

  例句: Such is what you want me to do.

  Such are the meanings of authentic love.

  (such作表語(yǔ)時(shí),往往置于句首)

  注意: such用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)和副詞so的區(qū)別在前面副詞一節(jié)中已提到。

  (四)指示代詞same的用法

  在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),其前與定冠詞the連用。

  例句: Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements — usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. (選自1996年Cloze Test)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

  譯文: 因?yàn)槭怯赏瑯拥脑貥?gòu)成——通常是碳、氫、氧,有時(shí)還有氮,所以各種維生素都很相似。

  六、疑問(wèn)代詞

  疑問(wèn)代詞用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句,其中who(whom/whose)指人,what指物,which指選擇對(duì)象。

  例句: What's the difference between love and fondness or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? (選自2007年Text 2)

  分析: 該句是由or連接的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句(特殊疑問(wèn)句)。

  譯文: 愛(ài)情與喜歡有什么區(qū)別,幸運(yùn)和巧合的本質(zhì)是什么?

  七、關(guān)系代詞

  關(guān)系代詞包括who(whom,whose),that和which。that只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,其他關(guān)系代詞既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,具體用法詳見(jiàn)定語(yǔ)從句一節(jié)。

  八、不定代詞

  (一)both,all

  1. both用于兩者,all用于三者及三者以上,其后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。

  例句: Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,suggest是主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,that Indians and their neighbors...是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 來(lái)自兩個(gè)地區(qū)的史前遺跡中的類似成分表明: 印度人和他們的鄰居甚至在公元前1500年前就維持著遙遠(yuǎn)但真實(shí)的聯(lián)系。

  例句: In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000年第74題)

  分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,whereas連接兩個(gè)并列分句,其中前一個(gè)分句的主句部分為the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介詞短語(yǔ)with...為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句that followed修飾changes。

  譯文: 在早先實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中,其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的對(duì)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)有深遠(yuǎn)影響的變革延續(xù)了將近一個(gè)世紀(jì),而現(xiàn)如今,一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家只用十年左右的時(shí)間就可以經(jīng)歷同樣的過(guò)程。

  2. all作代詞時(shí),其后謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。

  例句: All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分是All the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修飾the information的定語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 我們搜集到的與那件事有關(guān)的所有信息都是沒(méi)有意義的。

  例句: All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.

  譯文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去開(kāi)會(huì)了。

  3. both,all,every和not連用時(shí)表示部分否定。

  例句:But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain” ) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (選自2005年Text 3)

  分析: 該句是由分號(hào)及while連接的并列句,分號(hào)相當(dāng)于連詞and,not all...表示部分否定。

  譯文: 但并不是大腦的所有部分都參與活動(dòng),控制情緒的大腦部位異?;钴S,然而控制智力和推理能力的前額皮質(zhì)卻相對(duì)平靜。

  例句: Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (選自2002年Use of English)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: 不是每個(gè)人都能正確看待這個(gè)過(guò)程。

 ?。▽?shí)習(xí)小編:時(shí)達(dá)迪)

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