摘要:考研英語語法是將詞匯與文章大意搭連在一起的一座橋梁,掌握了語法,就相當于打通了英語學習的任督二脈。幫幫為各位考研er整理了考研英語
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摘要:考研英語語法是將詞匯與文章大意搭連在一起的一座橋梁,掌握了語法,就相當于打通了英語學習的任督二脈。幫幫為各位考研er整理了考研英語語法中關于動名詞的知識,希望大家能有有所裨益。
動名詞是一種非謂語動詞,它的形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同,具有名詞和動詞的某些特征,它可以帶賓語、狀語等構成動名詞短語,在句中不能單獨做謂語。
?動名詞的時態(tài)(Tense)
以動詞do為例:
主動、被動 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 從上述可以看出,動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)完全相同,而非謂語動詞之間的區(qū)別主要是用法上的區(qū)別。動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,用法卻大相徑庭,動名詞一般式表示的動作通常與謂語動詞的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生,而動名詞的完成式則表示動作在謂語動詞的動作之前已發(fā)生。
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted與blaming所表示動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是復合句。動名詞blaming在句中作賓語,it was his own fault是discovered的賓語從句。
譯文: 堅金先生后悔責怪秘書了,因為他后來發(fā)現(xiàn)是自己的過錯。
例句: ——Did you find out who had stolen my watch?
——That child didn't admit having done that.(having done所表示動作在動詞admit 前已經(jīng)發(fā)生)
分析: 前一分句是一復合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的賓語,后一分句是一簡單句。
譯文: ——你查出是誰把我的手表盜走了嗎?
——那個孩子不承認是他干的。
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示動作在謂語動詞appreciated之前已發(fā)生)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 我很感謝兩年前給我出國進修的機會。
?動名詞的用法(Usage)
(一)充當主語
例句: Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.
(選自2009年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復合句,其中主語中what you're good at作knowing的賓語。
譯文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅長并且更多地去實踐就能創(chuàng)造輝煌。
例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (1998年第6題)
分析: 該句是復合句。when引導一時間狀語從句。
譯文: 做作業(yè)是提高你考試成績的有效之策;對于隨堂測試,該方法尤為可靠。
(二)充當表語
例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.
分析: 該句是復合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的賓語,短語keep sth. in mind意為“牢記……”。
譯文: 我們應切實牢記我們的工作是為人民服務。
例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 讀書是學習,但使用也是學習,而且是更重要的學習。
(三)充當賓語
例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (選自2007年Part B)
分析: 該句是簡單句。help kids practice...與help them apply...是兩并列謂語。
譯文: 在家中的討論可以幫助孩子練習這些事情,也可以幫助他們把這些技能應用到現(xiàn)實的生活中去。
例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(2005年第50題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。
譯文: 在應對如此大規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時,我們可以毫不夸張地說:“聯(lián)合,我們就生存;分裂,我們就滅亡”。
(四)充當定語
例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.
分析: 該句是復合句。that could drive walking tractor是修飾the only person的定語從句,非限制性定語從句which made most of the villagers jealous修飾的是前面整個句子。
譯文: 他過去是村里唯一會開拖拉機的人,這令大多數(shù)村民羨慕不已。
例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.
分析: 該句是復合句。非限制性定語從句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修飾a listening room。
譯文: 工人們正在修建的語音室將在本學期末竣工。
?動名詞的邏輯主語
動名詞的邏輯主語,表明動名詞動作的發(fā)出者。能作動名詞邏輯主語的詞類有:物主代詞、名詞所有格(即名詞所加“’s”,復數(shù)名詞后以“s”結尾的,在其后加“’”)、名詞通格(主格)或人稱代詞賓格。
例句: Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen. (1997年第2題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。nowhere置于句首引起倒裝,owing to...在句中作狀語。
譯文: 自然界中的任何地方都找不到游離態(tài)的鋁,因為它總是與其他元素,即最常見的是氧元素結合在一起。
注意:
(1) 當邏輯主語是無生命名詞或較長名詞詞組時,通常用名詞通格(即主格)。
例句: Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.(1999年第1題)
分析: 該句是復合句。其中動名詞的復合結構economic recovery being just around the corner在句中作介詞about的賓語,economic recovery作動名詞being的邏輯主語,介詞短語with half an eye on the unemployment figures作定語修飾anyone。
譯文: 任何人只要一看這些失業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)便知關于經(jīng)濟復蘇即將來臨的言論是不正確的。
例句: I don’t like Jack and Tom speaking ill of each other in public places.
分析: 該句是簡單句。Jack and Tom作speaking ill的邏輯主語。
譯文: 我不愿聽到杰克和湯姆在公眾場合說彼此壞話。
(2) 當邏輯主語是someone, somebody, none, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代詞或this,that指示代詞時,通常用名詞通格(即主格)。
例句: Just when I was going to sleep, I was awakened by somebody knocking on the door.
分析: 該句是復合句。somebody作動名詞knocking的邏輯主語。
譯文: 我正要入睡時,有人敲門吵醒了我。
例句: I disapproved of that being said about the teacher, for he has his own good point.
分析: 該句是并列句。指示代詞that作動名詞being said的邏輯主語。
譯文: 我不同意對老師那樣的評價,因為他也有他的優(yōu)點。
(3) 當動名詞在句中作主語時,邏輯主語用屬格(即物主代詞或名詞所有格)。
例句: The student’s knowing French well helped him a lot in learning English.
譯文: 掌握法語對于學習英語有很大的幫助。
?動名詞的否定形式
動名詞的否定形式與分詞否定形式一樣,由動名詞前加not構成。
例句: She always has dozens of excellent excuses for not being able to help you.
分析: 該句是簡單句。not being able to help you是動名詞的否定形式。
譯文: 對于未能幫助你,她總是有太多借口。
例句: She is considering not asking her mother to send her to the airport.
分析: 該句是簡單句。not asking...作considering的賓語。
譯文: 她正在考慮不讓母親送她去機場。
?常接動名詞作賓語的動詞及動詞短語
常見動詞:
admit, advise, avoid, appreciate, acknowledge, allow, anticipate, consider, complete, contemplate(預期、企圖),defer, delay, deny, detest(厭惡), dread, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, endure, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, facilitate(促進), imagine, include, miss, mind, mention, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, quit, recall, resent(怨恨), resist, risk, suggest, understand
動詞短語:
can’t help, give up, leave off(停止), look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, aim at, insist on, persist in, stick to, be good at, do well in, depend on, feel like, be tired(afraid/capable) of, accustomed to, agree to, confess to(承認), submit to, see to, be(get/become) used to, devote oneself to, prefer...to, adapt(adjust) to, apply to
例句: Some bosses dislike allowing people to share their responsibilities; they keep all important matters tightly in their own hands. (1996年第13題)
分析: 該句是并列句。其中短語keep sth. in hand意為“把……控制在手中”。
譯文: 有些老板不喜歡讓別人分擔其職責,他們嚴格控制著所有的重要事務。
例句: When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot help believing that the public will appreciate his gift.
分析: 該句是復合句。how talented he is as a painter與that the public will appreciate his gift 在句中分別作consider以及believing的賓語。
譯文: 當我考慮到他作為一個畫家所具有的杰出才能時,我禁不住相信公眾也會贊賞他的天賦。
?動詞need等后接的動名詞
動詞need, want, require, deserve, worth, like(想要), bear后接動名詞主動式表示被動概念,除bear外,這些動詞也可接不定式的被動式。
例句: Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just hypothetical and needs proving(to be proved). (2001年第29題)
分析: 該句是復合句。其中whoever表示“無論是誰”,引導讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 無論宇宙起源理論的創(chuàng)立者是誰,那都是假說,尚待考證。
例句: As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on something worth researching into(to be researched into).
分析: 該句是復合句。worth researching into作后置定語修飾something。
譯文: 正如你導師所建議的,你應該把時間花在值得研究的問題上。
?動名詞的基本句型
1. feel like+動詞ing(想要做……)
例句: Do you feel like telling me what happened to our teacher yesterday?
分析: 該句是復合句,what happened to...在句中作telling的賓語。
2. can’t help+動詞ing(禁不住,忍不住……)
例句: Catching sight of Kate and Janie, we all can’t help shouting loudly.
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞短語Catching sight of Kate and Janie在句中作狀語表示時間或原因。
譯文: 看到凱特和吉尼亞,我們都忍不住大聲叫了起來。
例句: Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life, we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. (2009年第49題)
分析: 該句是復合句。其中句子主干是we cannot help considering...。whether or not...this ability作considering的賓語,since引導一個原因狀語從句,可譯為“既然”,which will secure this ability是一個修飾the powers的定語從句。
譯文: 既然我們的主要職責是使他們分享日常生活里的一切,那么我們就不得不考慮自己是否在形成讓他們獲得這種能力的力量。
3. on+動詞ing(一……就)
例句: On hearing the bad news that his father died last night because of cancer, he could not help crying.
分析: 該句是復合句。that his father died last night because of cancer作news的同位語。
譯文: 得知父親因癌癥在昨晚不幸去世的噩耗,他禁不住號啕大哭。
4. It is no use+動詞ing(no use也可用no good, useless,a waste of time, worthless, dangerous, a great pleasure, a bore, worthwhile, pointless, expensive等來替換)以及There is no +動詞ing(不可能)
例句: It is good playing chess with roommates after supper in the dormitory.
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 晚飯后在宿舍和舍友下棋真好。
例句: There is no telling for me what he is going to do after graduation.
分析: 該句是復合句。what he is going to do after graduation在句中作telling的賓語。
譯文: 對我來說,說出他畢業(yè)后將要去干什么是不可能的。
5. go+動詞ing(表示游戲或運動)
例句: His father frequently goes hunting with his old fellows in the forest after his retirement.
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 父親在退休后經(jīng)常和他的老伙計到林中狩獵。
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