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考研英語翻譯沖刺:兩大技巧讓你快速提分

  摘要:從考研英語各題型來看,翻譯算是其中最難的部分,在歷年考試中都是考生得分率較低的一類題型。下面編編跟大家分享考研英語翻譯沖刺技巧,希望可以幫到你。

  ▲釋義

  釋義(paraphrase)是指舍棄原文中的具體形象,直接解釋出原文的意思。在翻譯一些具有鮮明民族色彩的詞語(如成語、典故)時(shí),如果直譯不能使譯入語讀者明白意思,而加注又使譯文太嚕嗦,并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典時(shí),可采用釋義法。它既可使譯文簡潔明了,又不損害對原文信息的傳達(dá)。例如: as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊大醉(在古英格蘭,民間小提琴手在公共場合為舞蹈伴奏,人們往往以酒酬謝,因此往往會(huì)喝得大醉.后人用此成語時(shí),常常重意不重形與典,因此,不必直譯為 "像小提琴手一樣酩酊大醉",采用釋義法即可.)

  as rich as Croesus 十分富有(Croesus 是公元6世紀(jì)小亞細(xì)亞呂底亞國王,十分富有.如直譯為 "像科里瑟斯一樣富有",倒讓讀者十分費(fèi)解,因?yàn)樽x者不知 "科里瑟斯"為何許人,并且后人用此詞時(shí),常常意重于典,所以不如釋義為 "十分富有",簡單明白.)

  bring down the house 全場喝彩(不能直譯為 "把房子都弄倒了")

  (1) It's not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, ***, and Harry.

  要參加那個(gè)俱樂部并非易事──他們只吸收手頭闊綽的人,而不是普通百姓。

  (Tom, ***, Harry都是英美常見的人名,這里泛指任何人,相當(dāng)于漢語中的"張三、李四、王五".所以,這里不宜直譯為"湯姆、迪克、哈里".)

  (2) A Red Light for Scofflaws

  玩忽法令之風(fēng)不可長!

  (這是美國Time《時(shí)代》周刊1983年一篇文章的標(biāo)題。red light本意是紅燈,指停車信號(hào)、危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)。文中指出美國社會(huì)中蔑視法令的現(xiàn)象已到了觸目驚心的地步,必須采取措施加以制止。譯成"玩忽法令之風(fēng)不可長"一目了然,言簡意明。)

  (3) As with Black Power the burgeoning Red Power movement has two components, one cultural, the other political.

  象黑人權(quán)力一樣,正在蓬勃興起的印地安人權(quán)力運(yùn)動(dòng)包括文化運(yùn)動(dòng)和政治運(yùn)動(dòng)兩個(gè)部分。

  (這里Red Power顯然是從Black Power黑權(quán)主義,黑權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)類比出來的。如果譯者不釋明其義,而直譯為"紅色權(quán)力",讀者定會(huì)把它理解為"紅色政權(quán)"或"共產(chǎn)黨權(quán)力".)

  (4) Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in.

  我們的兒子一定得上學(xué),一定要出人頭地。

  ("break out of the pot that holds us in",重意不重形,譯為"出人頭地"比"打破這個(gè)把我們關(guān)在里面的罐子"意思來得明白簡潔。)

  (5) Like many other Southerners, I came to seek my fortune in one of those pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories along Euclid Avenue.

  像許多其他的南方人一樣,我也來到這兒,沿著尤克利德大道的那些根本不可能給我們提供工作的工廠找工作,做發(fā)財(cái)夢。

  (根據(jù)英語傳說,如果人們找到了彩虹與地面交界之處,并在那兒挖掘,就會(huì)挖到一罐金子。但這只是人們的幻想,是根本不可能發(fā)生的事情。所以,此處重意不重典,自然這里pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories是指那些根本不可能給南方人提供工作的工廠。)

  (6) The study had a Spartan look.

  書房看起來很簡樸。

  (古希臘斯巴達(dá)人以生活簡樸而著稱??煽闯?,此處重意不重典,所以只用翻譯出其意。)

  (7) When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look.我應(yīng)邀外出演講時(shí),他們都指望我擺出一付毫無表情、一本正經(jīng)的面孔。

  (Quaker-Oats是歐美一種有名的麥片商標(biāo),商標(biāo)中畫的老頭模樣毫無表情,我國讀者對此并不熟悉。因此,此處意重于形,翻譯時(shí)得采用釋義手法。)

  (8) Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter.里根上臺(tái)時(shí)在做法上跟執(zhí)政初期的卡特毫無二致。

  (a mirror image 如直譯為"鏡子里的形象",就讓人感到非常別扭,遠(yuǎn)不如"毫無二致"自然。)

  (9) She scolded her maid and was as cross as two sticks.她罵斥自己的女仆,而且脾氣非常不好。

  (如直譯為"像兩根棍子一樣暴躁",讓人不知所云,并且此處重意不重形,翻譯時(shí)只好采用釋義法。)

  (10) Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering café, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm.

  他拐到百老匯路上,在一家燈火輝煌的飯店前停下來,那里每晚匯集上好的美酒、華麗的衣服和有地位的人物。

  (文中the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm如直譯為"葡萄、蠶和原生質(zhì)最精良的產(chǎn)物",難令讀者明白其意。這里,grape(葡萄), silkworm(蠶), protoplasm(原生質(zhì))屬于修飾學(xué)上的提喻(synecdoche),用原材料分別指它們的制成品──酒、衣服與人。翻譯時(shí)只得舍棄原文形象,直接釋明其意。)

  (11) Little in his childhood suggested he would someday become a bridge across Latin and Anglo cultures.

  他童年時(shí)代沒有表現(xiàn)出他會(huì)成為溝通拉丁文化與英國文化的橋梁。

  (Anglo culture如直譯為"盎格魯·撒克遜文化",則不夠通俗,典型的英國人常常也被稱為"盎格魯·撒克遜人".)

  (12) Words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality.

  單詞本身并不是客觀物體,只不過是代表客觀體而已;像日爾曼人的盎格魯法語一樣,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語也是一種代表客觀體的語言。

  (King's English不能直譯為"國王英語",它是指標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語,相當(dāng)于漢語中的"普通話".)

  (13). The young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars.

  那個(gè)年輕的姑娘站在路邊不停地向來往的汽車擺動(dòng)著豎起的拇指表示她要搭車。

  (thumbed her way 為英語手勢語,意為 "站在路邊向來往的汽車擺動(dòng)著豎起的拇指表示她要搭車",在漢語中沒有這種手勢語,翻譯時(shí)只有采用釋義法,以便讓我國讀者明白其意.)

  (14). At 19 he had commenced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast.

  他19歲時(shí)就已經(jīng)走上了一條在普通人看來是極富吸引力而又不可理解的道路,普通人認(rèn)為,只是一次破產(chǎn)就叫人夠嗆了。

  (good as a feast 如直譯為 "像豐盛的宴席一樣好",意思正好反了.直接釋明其意 "叫人夠嗆",地道通順.)

  (15) She and her mother are as like as two peas.

  她和她母親長得一模一樣.

  (as like as two peas 不能譯為 "像兩顆豌豆一樣相似")

  (16) Look at the chaps in politics and business, whose whole lives were passed in skating on thin ice,and getting knighted for it.

  試看那些政治上和商業(yè)上的家伙們,他們整個(gè)兒的生活都是在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中度過的,可是都因此封了爵.

  ( skating on thin ice 如直譯為 "如履薄冰",讓人產(chǎn)生謹(jǐn)小慎微的聯(lián)想,與原意不符,故譯其意 "在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中度過".)

  (17) Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.

  金斯利先生和他那些二流大學(xué)的學(xué)生們必須小心翼翼地保持已經(jīng)取得的榮譽(yù)。

  (Red Brick又稱Red Brick Universities,指英國除牛津、劍橋大學(xué)以外的其他地方性二流大學(xué)。因其建筑主要是紅磚砌成,不象牛津、劍橋的建筑均為古色古香的石塊所建成,故得此名。

  (18) Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the pragmatic and ideological camps.

  不言而喻,注重務(wù)實(shí)的和強(qiáng)調(diào)意識(shí)形態(tài)的兩大營壘還會(huì)在重大政策上爭吵不休.

  (tug of war 本意為 "拔河",在此處為比喻用法,指 "雙方勢均力敵,爭吵不休",直譯顯然不妥,故采用釋義法.)

  ▲轉(zhuǎn)換法

  英譯漢時(shí)常常有必要改變表達(dá)方式,使譯文通順流暢、地道可讀。這種變通技巧就是轉(zhuǎn)換法(shift of perspective)。轉(zhuǎn)換的形式多種多樣,大體可分為5種:①詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,②句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換,③表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換,④自然語序與倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換;⑤正面表達(dá)與反面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換。

  一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

  詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語中的某一詞類譯成漢語時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一詞類。

  (一)英語名詞、介詞、形容詞或副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語動(dòng)詞

  (1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此,對于一個(gè)從事社會(huì)活動(dòng)的人來講,培養(yǎng)一種愛好和新的情趣方式,乃是至關(guān)重要的對策。

  (2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.紅軍冒著刺骨的寒風(fēng)英勇前進(jìn)。

  (3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise.大家都沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到這番經(jīng)驗(yàn)卻是一次個(gè)性的考驗(yàn),最初的興奮過去以后,又覺得自己已經(jīng)干得不錯(cuò)了,理應(yīng)受到贊揚(yáng)。

  (4) He appeared at her side, breathing audibly, a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead, rigid.她到車站不一會(huì)兒,他便出現(xiàn)在她的身旁,聽見他喘息的聲音。她凝視著前方,表情嚴(yán)峻。

  (5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.然而,對所有這兩種類型的人來說,變換一下看法、改變一下環(huán)境和轉(zhuǎn)換一下注意力都是最基本的需要。

  (6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey, in Kenya, that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亞,她接到了父親去世并由她本人繼承王位的消息。

  (二)英語動(dòng)詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語名詞、形容詞

  (1) The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain.炎癥的特點(diǎn)是紅、腫、熱、痛。

  (2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天,來訪的客人和陪同人員一起參觀了黃鶴樓。

  (3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我國政府十分關(guān)心海外華僑。

  (4) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關(guān)系,有一個(gè)特點(diǎn),就是以禮相待。

  (5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美國絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星,按其設(shè)計(jì),是在完成使命后,在大氣層中焚毀。

  (三)英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞、副詞

  (1) He added: "I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他還說:"我理解并尊重他們的看法,但我深信我的決定是正確的。"

  (2) They came back game and glee.他們興高采烈地回來了。

  二、句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換

  句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語中的某一句子成分譯成漢語時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換在主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語之間展開。例如:

  (1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在雞尾酒會(huì)上人們常??梢钥闯龃笕宋锖蜔o名小卒來。那些遲到的就是大人物。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為表語;謂語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)

  (2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人陰謀推翻他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),他似乎完全喪失了自信。但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來的。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語,賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)

  (3) Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他們樂觀、能干、熱情,總是想方設(shè)法使你一路上順利舒適。(狀語轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語)

  (4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她還沒有完全失去鎮(zhèn)靜,一時(shí)卻又找不出話可說。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語,賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)

  (5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是這種出人意料的言論使我喜歡上了上校。他這個(gè)人還有那么點(diǎn)詩意呢。(主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語;介詞賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語)

  三、表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換

  英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)方式上往往因角度不同而異。要克服這些差異,翻譯時(shí)也就常有必要把一種表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種表達(dá)方式,使譯文符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

  (一)英語中有一些計(jì)量詞,如score, dozen, decade, quarter等,在漢語中沒有相應(yīng)的表達(dá)方式,所以在漢譯時(shí)得對其加以轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:

  (1) Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

  100年以前,一位偉大的美國人簽署了解放宣言,我們現(xiàn)在就站在他象征性的庇蔭中。

  (2) A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.

  那5分鐘內(nèi),有18架飛機(jī)涌進(jìn)了機(jī)場。

  (3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.

  87年前,我們的先輩在這個(gè)大陸上創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)新的國家。

  (4) They had a dozen children, six boys and six girls, in seventeen years.

  在17年中,他們生了12個(gè)孩子,6男6女。

  (二)由于英漢兩種語言在表述角度上不盡相同,翻譯時(shí)常常有必要轉(zhuǎn)換角度,才能使意思明白清楚、表達(dá)自然。例如:

  (1) She has been a widow only for six months.

  她丈夫死了至今才不過半年。

  (原文是從妻子的角度加以陳述的,而譯文是從丈夫的角度加以陳述的。如果不改變表達(dá)方式,而搬用原來的表達(dá)方式,那譯文就是:"她只當(dāng)了6個(gè)月的寡婦。"這就會(huì)給人以錯(cuò)覺:她很快就改嫁了。)

  (2)──Is there a special rate by the month?

  ──Yes, there is a 10% discount.

  ──按月計(jì)算有什么優(yōu)惠嗎?

  ──有,可以打9折。

  四、自然語序與倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換

  句子的自然語序是主語在前,謂語在后。倒裝語序主要是指主謂倒裝。英語中使用倒裝語序,主要是為了加強(qiáng)語氣、突出重點(diǎn)、平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)等;而漢語中使用倒裝語序相對較少,所以英譯漢時(shí),常常得將倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換為自然語序。例如:

  (1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑開了。

  (2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上來了。

  五、正面表達(dá)與反面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換

  由于思維方式的不同,英語中有些從正面表達(dá)的東西在漢語中習(xí)慣從反面來表達(dá);而有些從反面來表達(dá)的東西在漢語中則習(xí)慣從正面來表達(dá)。因此,英譯漢時(shí)常常有必要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。這就是通常所說的"正說反譯、反說正譯"法。英語正面表達(dá)這里指的是不帶否定詞no, not , never否定前綴non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后綴-less等的句子,漢語正面表達(dá)則是指不帶"不"、"沒"、"非"、"未"、 "否"、 "無"、 "莫"、"勿"、"別"等否定詞語的句子;反之則是反面表達(dá)。

  (一)英語正面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語反面表達(dá)

  frost-free refrigerator無霜冰箱

  Freeze!別動(dòng)!

  Wet paint!油漆未干!

  mortally ill 不治之癥

  (1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.這項(xiàng)建議差點(diǎn)通不過。

  (2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我們相信,年輕一代將不會(huì)辜負(fù)我們的信任。

  (3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then San Francisco.Silence. Silence. Silence.他到一個(gè)戶外公用電話亭,先給芝加哥、又給紐約、舊金山打了電話。

  (4) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作為居住的地方,這里有許多不足之處,但作為改革性的新飛機(jī)秘密訓(xùn)練基地,卻是非常理想的。因?yàn)樗靥庍呞?,人們不易發(fā)覺其中的活動(dòng)。

  (5) The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.然而,縈繞心頭的畫面,那些一經(jīng)嗅到玫瑰花香或新鮮干草的氣息便會(huì)倏地闖入記憶的情景,其實(shí)并不復(fù)雜。

  (6) As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.他一面喝咖啡,一面翻開油墨未干的晨報(bào),看了起來。

  (7) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me.以前我總不懂父親為什么對那些脾氣跟他不一樣的人采取那么個(gè)態(tài)度。

  (8) Sadly, Edward died before he could see the new church, but his beautiful tomb is still there, with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遺憾的是,愛德華未能看見新教堂就去世了,但是他那幽雅的墳?zāi)购退煤蟮挠鴩鹾屯鹾蟮膲災(zāi)惯€都留在那里。

  (二)英語反面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語正面表達(dá)

  (1) You can't be too careful.你要特別小心。

  (2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.這些事件引起了我們的重視。

  (3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice.這類飛行遲早會(huì)被人發(fā)覺的。

  (4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking,damped-down coal stove, but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤氣若是從封上火的煤爐漏出,人體可以忍受一些時(shí)候,但人昏迷之后,不用很久就會(huì)死亡。

  (5) But there is another story, a family saga, that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.但是,萊溫斯基和總統(tǒng)之間究竟發(fā)生了什么事,另外一個(gè)故事,即家史,最終對解開這個(gè)謎十分重要。

  (6) Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective,unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities, our political strengths and economic advantages, and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.保持這種可靠性需要以下客觀的、明確的事實(shí)來對付潛在的對手:我們達(dá)到平衡的軍事能力、我們的政治實(shí)力和經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢以及我們必要時(shí)使用這些手段進(jìn)行自衛(wèi)的毫不含糊的決心。

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