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考研英語:非謂語動詞-差之毫厘謬以千里

  ?不定式、分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別  
  1.不定式與分詞作定語是垢區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)時態(tài)上;不琿式作定語通常指動作;現(xiàn)在分詞作定語指正進行的動作;過去分詞作定語指已經(jīng)完成的動作。
  如:I have three letters to write this evening. 我有三封信要寫。
  Do you know the man sitting at the desk? 你認識坐在桌子旁的那個人嗎?
  Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? 你讀過魯迅先生翻譯過的小說嗎?
  2.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示它所修飾的名詞的動作,二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,讀時都有重音。動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途,二者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,讀時只重讀動名詞。動名詞作定語只有置于被修飾詞的前面,而分詞作定語有時可置前,有時可置后。如:
  a sleeping baby (=a baby who is sleeping)
  a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping=a car which is used for sleeping)
  3.作定語時,過去分詞常表示動作發(fā)生的時間早于謂語動詞,或者沒有一定的時間性,只表示被動關(guān)系,有的只表示完成。如:
  The flyover bridge built last year cost $12,000.
  去年建的這座立交橋花了12000美元。(既表示被動又表示完成)
  All the fallen leaves have been cleared away.
  所有落葉都清走了。(表示完成,并沒有被動意味)
  I don’t like to hear songs sung by young people.
  我不想聽見年輕人唱這種歌。 (只表示被動,沒有一定的時間性)
  4.-ing形式作后置定語則可表示:正在進行或發(fā)生的行為(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句要用進行進態(tài));現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時)的狀態(tài)(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句時常用一般時態(tài))。如:
  The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford.
  等著附近的那輛小汽車是福特車。
  The music being played(=which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar.
  正在鋼琴上演奏的這首曲子聽起來很熟悉。
  5.短暫性動詞的-ing形式一般式一般不可用后置定語。如:
  Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
  應(yīng)邀參加這次晚會的大多數(shù)人是著名的科學(xué)家。
  不能說成:
  Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists.
  6.-ing分詞的完成式一般不能后置定語,除非為非限制性的后置定語。如:
  This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years. The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 討論多年的這個問題現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)解決了。
  不可說成:
  This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.
  7.being+adj.不能單獨用作后置定語
  不能說: Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.
  應(yīng)為:Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here. 任何勝任這項工作的人可以在這里簽名。
  8.分詞作定語時,如有逗號與被修飾的名詞分開,相當(dāng)于一個非限制性的定語。如:
  The story, written by a young girl, became popular with the young.
  這個故事在年輕人間很流行,這是位小姑娘寫的。
  9.不定式作定語可以有自己的邏輯主語。如
  It is spring, the time for us to plant trees.
  春天正是植樹的好季節(jié)。

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